Co-propagating raman amplifiers

ABSTRACT

A Raman amplifier includes a Raman gain fiber comprising a length of high-dispersion gain fiber and operable to receive at least one optical signal. The Raman amplifier also includes at least one pump source capable of generating at least one pump signal that co-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least a portion of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. The length of the high-dispersion gain fiber is at least ten (10) times a walk off length between the at least one pump signal and at least one wavelength of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. In addition, the length of high-dispersion gain fiber is at least two (2) times a walk off length between at least two optical signal wavelengths of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.§119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/310,147, filedAug. 3, 2001.

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/719,591, filed Dec. 12, 2000 and entitled “FIBER-OPTICCOMPENSATION FOR DISPERSION, GAIN TILT, AND BAND PUMP NONLINEARITY,”which claims priority to PCT application PCT/US99/13551 filed Jun. 16,1999. PCT/US99/13551 claims priority to U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/089,426 filed Jun. 16, 1998.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates generally to the field ofcommunications systems and, more particularly, to Raman amplificationimplementing co-propagating and/or bi-directional pumping andapplications thereof.

[0004] OVERVIEW

[0005] Raman amplifiers used in optical communication systems amplifyoptical signals that traverse the optical communication system.Conventional design approaches that have implemented Raman amplificationtypically limit the pump signal to counter-propagate in relation to theoptical signal traversing the communication system. Counter-propagationhas typically been used to minimize the coupling of pump fluctuations tothe optical signal and cross talk between the pump signal and theoptical signal.

SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[0006] The present invention provides an improved apparatus and methodfor optical amplification using at least one wavelength of a pump signalthat co-propagates with at least one wavelength of an optical signal. Inaccordance with the present invention, an apparatus and method foroptical amplification are provided that reduce or eliminate at leastsome of the shortcomings associated with prior approaches.

[0007] In one embodiment, a Raman amplifier comprises a Raman gain fibercomprising a length of high-dispersion gain fiber and operable toreceive at least one optical signal. The Raman amplifier also comprisesat least one pump source capable of generating at least one pump signalthat co-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least a portionof the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. Thelength of the high-dispersion gain fiber is at least ten (10) times awalk off length between the at least one pump signal and at least onewavelength of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber. In addition, the length of high-dispersion gain fiber is at leasttwo (2) times a walk off length between at least two optical signalwavelengths of the at least one optical signal received by the Ramangain fiber.

[0008] In another embodiment, a Raman amplifier comprises a Raman gainfiber comprising a length of high-dispersion gain fiber and operable toreceive at least one optical signal. The Raman amplifier also comprisesat least one pump source capable of generating at least one pump signalthat co-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least a portionof the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. Thelength of the high-dispersion gain fiber is at least ten (10) times awalk off length of the at least one pump signal and at least onewavelength of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber. In one particular embodiment, a change in a pump signal powerlevel associated with the at least one pump signal the Raman gain fibercomprises at least three (3) decibels.

[0009] In yet another embodiment, a Raman amplifier comprises a Ramangain fiber operable to receive at least one optical signal. In thisembodiment, at least a portion of the Raman gain fiber comprises adispersion compensating fiber. The Raman amplifier also comprises atleast one low noise pump source capable of generating at least one pumpsignal that co-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least aportion of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber. In this embodiment, the length of the dispersion compensatingfiber is at least ten (10) times a walk off length between the at leastone pump signal and at least one wavelength of the at least one opticalsignal received by the Raman gain fiber.

[0010] In a method embodiment, a method of amplifying an optical signalcomprises receiving at least one optical signal at a high-dispersionRaman gain fiber. The method also comprises generating at least one pumpsignal that co-propagates within the high-dispersion Raman gain fiberwith at least a portion of the at least one optical signal. Thehigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a length of at least ten (10)times a walk off length between the at least one pump signal and atleast one wavelength of the at least one optical signal. In addition,the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a length of at least two(2) times a walk off length between at least two optical signalwavelengths of the at least one optical signal.

[0011] In another method embodiment, a method of amplifying an opticalsignal comprises receiving at least one optical signal at ahigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber. The method also comprises generatingat least one pump signal that co-propagates within the high-dispersionRaman gain fiber with at least a portion of the at least one opticalsignal. The high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a length of atleast ten (10) times a walk off length between the at least one pumpsignal and at least one wavelength of the at least one optical signal.In this particular embodiment, a change in a pump signal power levelassociated with the at least one pump signal over the high-dispersionRaman gain fiber comprises at least three (3) decibels.

[0012] In yet another method embodiment, a method of amplifying anoptical signal, comprises receiving at least one optical signal at aRaman gain fiber. In this embodiment, at least a portion of the Ramangain fiber comprises a dispersion compensating fiber. The method alsocomprises generating at least one low noise pump signal thatco-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least a portion of theat least one optical signal. In this particular embodiment, thedispersion compensating fiber comprises a length of at least ten (10)times a walk off length between the at least one low noise pump signaland at least one wavelength of the at least one optical signal.

[0013] Depending on the specific features implemented, particularembodiments of the present invention may exhibit some, none, or all ofthe following technical advantages. Various embodiments enable a pumpsignal to co-propagate with at least one wavelength of an optical signalwhile minimizing cross talk between the optical signal and the pumpsignal. Some embodiments can implement a relatively high dispersion gainfiber capable of providing adequate walk off between adjacent opticalsignal and between the optical signal and the pump signal. Otherembodiments may be capable of reducing system penalties associated withchromatic dispersion and relative noise intensity.

[0014] Other technical advantages will be readily apparent to oneskilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions and claims.Moreover, while specific, advantages have been enumerated above, variousembodiments may include all, some or none of the enumerated advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, andfor further features and advantages thereof, reference is now made tothe following description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

[0016]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing at least a portion of anexemplary optical communication system operable to facilitatecommunication of one or more multiple wavelength signals;

[0017]FIGS. 2A through 2D are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of a laser diode pump comprising a plurality of laserdiodes;

[0018]FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating three exemplary Raman cascadeorders starting from laser diodes centered at approximately the 1310 nmwavelength and exemplary applications for each order;

[0019]FIGS. 4A through 4C are block diagrams illustrating exampleembodiments of wavelength shifters capable of generating a multiplewavelength output signal from a single wavelength input signal;

[0020]FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating example wavelength spectragenerated by a wavelength shifter from a single pump input wavelength;

[0021]FIGS. 6A and 6B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of broadband Raman oscillators;

[0022]FIGS. 7A through 7C are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of broadband Raman oscillators implementing Sagnac Ramancavities;

[0023]FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator implementing a Sagnac Raman mirror;

[0024]FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator implementing a circulator loop cavity;

[0025]FIGS. 10A through 10C are graphs illustrating exemplary Raman gainspectra for laser diode pumps;

[0026]FIGS. 11A through 11D are block diagrams illustrating exampleoptical amplifiers capable of varying the amplifier gain spectrum bycontrolling pump wavelength power levels;

[0027]FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating example gain spectra of an opticalamplifier generated by varying the power levels of the wavelengths of amultiple wavelength pump signal;

[0028]FIGS. 13A and 13B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of Raman amplifiers implementing active gain equalization;

[0029]FIGS. 14A through 14C illustrate an example multiple stageamplifier with a plurality of gain profiles associated with variousamplification stages and an overall gain profile for the amplifier;

[0030]FIGS. 15A through 15C illustrate a high pump efficiency embodimentof a multiple stage wide band amplifier including example gain profilesassociated with various amplification stages and an overall gain profilefor the amplifier;

[0031]FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating how the use of spectrally tailoredpump signals generates a substantially flat gain output;

[0032]FIG. 17 is a chart illustrating an exemplary formula for selectingthe appropriate active gain equalization necessary to achieve anapproximately uniform gain over the desired spectral range;

[0033]FIG. 18 is a graph comparing a sinusoidal filter function to adelta filter function for active gain equalization elements;

[0034]FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofan active gain equalized Raman amplification stage implemented in apre-existing multiple-stage amplifier;

[0035]FIGS. 20A and 20B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of active gain equalization pump sources implemented toupgrade pre-existing optical amplifiers;

[0036]FIGS. 21A and 21B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of implementing distributed Raman amplifiers to at leastpartially counteract losses in relatively high loss systems;

[0037]FIGS. 22A and 22B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of Raman amplifiers implementing a high-dispersion Ramangain fiber; and

[0038]FIGS. 23A through 23C are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of Raman amplifiers implementing a laser diode pump tovarious wavelength ranges.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[0039] I. Example System Architecture

[0040]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing at least a portion of anexemplary optical communication system 10 operable to facilitatecommunication of one or more multiple wavelength signals 16. Eachmultiple wavelength signal 16 comprises a plurality of opticalwavelength signals (or channels) 15 a-15 n, each comprising a centerwavelength of light. In some embodiments, each optical signal 15 a-15 ncan comprise a center wavelength that is substantially different fromthe center wavelengths of other signals 15. As used throughout thisdocument, the term “center wavelength” refers to a time-averaged mean ofthe spectral distribution of an optical signal. The spectrum surroundingthe center wavelength need not be symmetric about the center wavelength.Moreover, there is no requirement that the center wavelength represent acarrier wavelength.

[0041] In this example, system 10 includes a transmitter assembly 12operable to generate the plurality of optical signals (or channels) 15a-15 n. Transmitters 12 can comprise any devices capable of generatingone or more optical signals. Transmitters 12 can comprise externallymodulated light sources, or can comprise directly modulated lightsources.

[0042] In one embodiment, transmitter assembly 12 comprises a pluralityof independent pairs of optical sources and associated modulators, eachpair being operable to generate one or more wavelength signals 15.Alternatively, transmitter assembly 12 could comprise one or moreoptical sources shared by a plurality of modulators. For example,transmitter assembly 12 could comprise a continuum source transmitterincluding a mode-locked source operable to generate a series of opticalpulses and a continuum generator operable to receive a train of pulsesfrom the mode-locked source and to spectrally broaden the pulses to forman approximate spectral continuum of optical signals. In thatembodiment, a signal splitter receives the continuum and separates thecontinuum into individual signals each having a center wavelength. Insome embodiments, transmitter assembly 12 can also include a pulse ratemultiplexer, such as a time division multiplexer, operable to multiplexpulses received from the mode locked source or the modulator to increasethe bit rate of the system.

[0043] Transmitter assembly 12 may, in some cases, comprise a portion ofan optical regenerator. That is, transmitter assembly 12 may generateoptical signals 15 based on electrical representations of electrical oroptical signals received from other optical communication links. Inother cases, transmitter assembly 12 may generate optical signals 15based on information received from sources residing locally totransmitters 12. Transmitter assembly 12 could also comprise a portionof a transponder assembly (not explicitly shown), containing a pluralityof transmitters and a plurality of receivers.

[0044] In the illustrated embodiment, system 10 also includes a combiner14 operable to receive wavelength signals 15 a-15 n and to combine thosesignals into a multiple wavelength signal 16. As one particular example,combiner 14 could comprise a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM). Theterms wavelength division multiplexer and wavelength divisiondemultiplexer as used herein may include equipment operable to processwavelength division multiplexed signals and/or equipment operable toprocess dense wavelength division multiplexed signals.

[0045] In this example, system 10 includes one or more boosteramplifiers 18 operable to receive and amplify wavelengths of signal 16in preparation for transmission over a communication medium 20.

[0046] System 10 communicates multiple wavelength signal 16 over anoptical communication medium 20. Communication medium 20 can comprise aplurality of spans 20 a-20 n of fiber. Fiber spans 20 a-20 n couldcomprise standard single mode fiber (SMF), dispersion-shifted fiber(DSF), non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF), dispersioncompensating fiber (DCF), or another fiber type or combination of fibertypes. In various embodiments, communication medium 20 can comprise upto five (5) fiber spans, seven (7) fiber spans, ten (10) fiber spans,fifteen (15) fiber spans, twenty (20) fiber spans, or more.

[0047] Two or more spans of communication medium 20 can collectivelyform an optical link. In the illustrated example, communication medium20 includes a single optical link 25 comprising numerous spans 20 a-20n. System 10 could include any number of additional links coupled tolink 25. For example, optical link 25 could comprise one optical link ofa multiple link system, where each link is coupled to other linksthrough, for example, optical regenerators.

[0048] Optical communication link 25 could comprise, for example, aunidirectional link or a bi-directional link. Link 25 could comprise apoint-to-point communication link, or could comprise a portion of alarger communication network, such as a ring network, a mesh network, astar network, or any other network configuration.

[0049] Where communication system 10 includes a plurality of fiber spans20 a-20 n, system 10 can also include one or more in-line amplifiers 22a-22 m. In-line amplifiers 22 couple to one or more spans 20 a-20 n andoperate to amplify multiple wavelength signal 16 as it traversescommunication medium 20. Optical communication system 10 can alsoinclude one or more preamplifiers 24 operable to amplify signal 16received from a final fiber span 20 n. Amplifiers 18, 22, and 24 couldeach comprise, for example, one or more stages of discrete Ramanamplification stages, distributed Raman amplification stages, rare earthdoped amplification stages, such as erbium doped or thulium dopedstages, semiconductor amplification stages or a combination of these orother amplification stage types. In some embodiments, amplifiers 18, 22,and 24 could each comprise bi-directional Raman amplifiers.

[0050] Throughout this document, the term “amplifier” denotes a deviceor combination of devices operable to at least partially compensate forat least some of the losses incurred by signals while traversing all ora portion of optical link 25. Likewise, the terms “amplify” and“amplification” refer to offsetting at least a portion of losses thatwould otherwise be incurred.

[0051] An amplifier may, or may not impart a net gain to a signal beingamplified. Moreover, the terms “gain” and “amplify” as used throughoutthis document, do not (unless explicitly specified) require a net gain.In other words, it is not necessary that a signal experiencing “gain” or“amplification” in an amplifier stage experience enough gain to overcomeall losses in the amplifier stage or in the fiber connected to theamplifier stage. As a specific example, distributed Raman amplifierstages typically do not experience enough gain to offset all of thelosses in the transmission fiber that serves as a gain medium.Nevertheless, these devices are considered “amplifiers” because theyoffset at least a portion of the losses experienced in the transmissionfiber.

[0052] Although optical link 25 is shown to include one or more boosteramplifiers 18 and preamplifiers 24, one or more of the amplifier typescould be eliminated in other embodiments.

[0053] In some cases, multiple wavelength signal 16 can carry wavelengthsignals 15 a-15 n ranging across a relatively wide bandwidth. In someimplementations, wavelength signals 15 a-15 n may even range acrossdifferent communications bands (e.g., the short band (S-band), theconventional band (C-band), and/or the long band (L-band)). Depending onthe amplifier types chosen, one or more of amplifiers 18, 22, and/or 24could comprise a wide band amplifier operable to amplify all signalwavelengths 15 a-15 n received.

[0054] Alternatively, one or more of those amplifiers could comprise aparallel combination of narrower band amplifier assemblies, wherein eachamplifier in the parallel combination is operable to amplify a portionof the wavelengths of multiple wavelength signal 16. In that case,system 10 could incorporate signal separators and/or signal combinerssurrounding the parallel combinations of amplifier assemblies tofacilitate amplification of a plurality of wavelength groups ofwavelengths prior to combining or recombining the wavelengths forcommunication through system 10.

[0055] System 10 may further include one or more access elements 27. Forexample, access element 27 could comprise an add/drop multiplexer, across-connect, or another device operable to terminate, cross-connect,switch, route, process, and/or provide access to and from optical link25 and another optical link or communication device. System 10 may alsoinclude one or more lossy elements (not explicitly shown) coupledbetween spans 20 a-20 n of link 25. For example, the lossy element couldcomprise a signal separator, a signal combiner, an isolator, adispersion compensating element, or a gain equalizer.

[0056] In this example, system 10 includes a separator 26 operable toseparate individual optical signal 15 a-15 n from multiple wavelengthsignal 16 received at the end of link 25. Separator 26 can communicateindividual signal wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths to a bank ofreceivers 28 and/or other optical communication paths. Separator 26 maycomprise, for example, a wavelength division demultiplexer (WDM).

[0057] In one embodiment, at least one amplifier 18, 22, or 24 of system10 comprises an amplifier that utilizes a gain fiber pumped by a laserdiode based pump. Power amplification typically places a relativelylarge burden on the pump associated with the amplifier, in terms of bothpower levels and pump wavelength range. This is particularly true forRaman amplifiers. This disclosure recognizes that a laser diode basedpump can provide a desired power level and pump wavelength range bycombining the power of a plurality of grating-tuned laser diodescentered, for example, approximately at 1310 nm. For example, aplurality of laser diodes can be combined to produce power levels of 400mW or more and can provide the desired pump wavelength range. Inaddition, a low noise and highly efficient pump source can be achievedby combining a plurality of grating-tuned laser diodes and operating thepump in the low-loss window of the transmission fiber used in fiberspans 20 a-20 n. As used throughout this document the phrase “low-losswindow” refers to an operating characteristic of an optical transmissionfiber that has an intrinsic fiber (e.g., excluding losses attributableto coupling, splicing, aging, etc.) loss of 0.4 decibels per kilometeror less for a given wavelength.

[0058] One aspect of this disclosure recognizes that combining aplurality of grating-tuned laser diodes approximately centered on the1310 nm wavelength to pump the gain fiber enables a broadening of thegain spectrum. Broadening the gain spectrum of the amplifier allows theamplifier to amplify a wider range of wavelength signals, in particularin a Raman amplifier. As used throughout this document, the phrase“approximately centered on the 1310 nm wavelength” refers to awavelength centered in the wavelength range between 1270 nm and 1350 nm.In some embodiments, the laser diode based pump centered atapproximately the 1310 nm wavelength is capable of providing Raman gainthrough at least a substantial portion of the low-loss window of theoptical transmission fiber. For example, the laser diode based pumpcentered at approximately the 1310 nm wavelength can provide gain in the1400 nm window, the “violet” window (e.g., 1430-1525 nm) and the EDFAwindow (e.g., 1525-1610 nm).

[0059] In some embodiments, the combination of a plurality ofgrating-tuned laser diodes can produce an un-polarized broadband laserdiode pump, particularly useful in Raman amplifiers. Implementing anun-polarized pump source provides the advantage of minimizingpolarization dependent gain effects within the Raman amplifier. In oneembodiment, the lasing wavelength of the plurality of laser diodes arecombined using polarization multiplexers and wavelength multiplexers. Asused throughout this document, the term “lasing wavelength” refers tothe center wavelength of the signal generated by a pump source and/or alaser diode. Lasing wavelength is not intended to suggest that a rangeof wavelengths cannot be used.

[0060] In particular embodiments, the laser diode based pump can be usedto directly pump the gain fiber of a Raman amplifier. The Ramanamplifier may comprise a discrete Raman amplifier or a distributed Ramanamplifier. Using a 1310 nm laser diode pumped Raman amplifier isadvantageous in providing Raman gain in the 1400 nm window and the“violet” window of the optical fiber. In one particular embodiment, thelaser diode based pump can be used to pump a distributed Ramanamplifier, resulting in improved system margin. Improvements to systemmargin are typically desired, for example, in soliton-based systems andin systems with transmission fiber operating windows that have arelatively high loss coefficient.

[0061] In other embodiments, the laser diode based pump can bewavelength shifted using a broadband oscillator. In one particularembodiment, the broadband oscillator comprises a broadband Ramanoscillator. The broadband oscillator can comprise, for example, one ormore chirped fiber gratings in a linear cavity, one or more Sagnac Ramancavities, or one or more circulator loop cavities. Using a 1310 nm laserdiode pumped broadband oscillator is advantageous in pumping a gainfiber in the 1400 nm window and the “violet” window of the transmissionfiber. Using higher order cascades, the wavelength shifted 1310 nm laserdiode pump can also be used to pump Raman or rare-earth doped gainfibers in the EDFA window.

[0062] In one particular embodiment, the laser diode pump implements aplurality of pairs of laser diodes, each pair centered on a differentwavelength within the 1280 nm to 1340 nm wavelength range. Implementingpairs of laser diodes centered on a different wavelength allowsadditional control of the gain spectrum width and the gain flatnessassociated with the broadband Raman oscillator. In alternateembodiments, the laser diode pumped broadband Raman oscillator can beused as the pump for a distributed Raman amplifier in systems requiringadditional system margin.

[0063] Whether implementing laser diode based pumps or not, someembodiments of system 10 can comprise at least one Raman amplifier thatimplements active gain equalization. As used throughout this document,the term “gain equalization” refers to a process of equalizing the gainresponse of an amplified optical signal so that substantially allamplified wavelength signals receive an approximately uniform gain overa particular spectral range. Conventional gain equalization techniquestypically introduce a spectrally dependent loss in the path of theamplified optical signal. These techniques, referred to generally as“in-path” equalization techniques, seek to introduce a spectral lossprofile that is approximately complimentary to the gain profile orspectrum of the optical amplifier. The substantially complimentaryprofiles, when added together, generate a substantially uniform gainover a desired spectral range.

[0064] The generation of spectral loss approximately complimentary tothe gain spectrum of the amplifier has, in previous designs, typicallyrequired implementation of a gain equalizing filter in-line with theoptical amplifier and the optical signal. For example, where the opticalamplifier is a single stage amplifier, then the gain equalizing elementwas placed downstream of the optical amplifier in the optical signalpath. Introducing gain equalization elements into the transmission pathtypically results in a reduction in the efficiency and noise figure ofthe amplifier, and results in a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratiofor the optical communication system.

[0065] One aspect of the present disclosure recognizes that providingactive gain equalization (AGEQ) to achieve an approximately uniform gainover a specified spectral range improves the efficiency and noise figureof the optical amplifier, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system.As used throughout this document, the term “active gain equalization” or“AGEQ” refers to a gain equalization technique that tailors the pumpsignal spectrum to produce an approximately uniform gain over aspecified spectral range. Thus, in active gain equalization, adding thetailored pump signal spectrum and the gain spectrum of the opticalamplifier and/or amplifiers generates an approximately uniform gain overthe desired spectral range. In some embodiments, active gainequalization can be used in combination with a laser diode pumpapproximately centered on the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0066] Implementing active gain equalization allows a reduction in theloss or the removal of the gain equalization element from thetransmission path of the optical signal, if desired. This provides gainequalization while reducing spectrally dependent loss in the signal. Invarious embodiments, active gain equalization can be implemented totailor the gain spectrum of the pump signal by utilizing a gainequalization element between the Raman gain fiber and a pump source or abroadband Raman oscillator. In some embodiments, active gainequalization can be implemented by utilizing a gain equalization elementwithin a broadband Raman oscillator assembly to control the outputspectrum for pumping the Raman gain fiber. In other embodiments, activegain equalization can be implemented by tailoring the amplitudes and/orpower of the lasing wavelengths combined to form the pump signal.

[0067] Another aspect of this disclosure recognizes that active gainequalization can be used to upgrade existing optical amplifiers. Asoptical communication system designers continue to increase the capacityof optical communication systems, existing optical amplifiers canrequire upgrading to handle the increased capacity. In variousembodiments, existing optical amplifiers can be upgraded to provideincreased gain and output power, gain equalization, dispersioncompensation, or a combination of these or other amplification upgrades.These upgrades can be implemented in either single-stage ormultiple-stage optical amplifiers. In addition, active gain equalizationcan be used in distributed Raman amplifiers to upgrade high-losssystems, soliton transmission systems, and/or bi-directionaltransmission links.

[0068] In some embodiments, active gain equalization may be used toupgrade multiple stage amplifiers by implementing an active gainequalized pump source and a Raman gain fiber. In some cases, the Ramangain fiber can comprise a dispersion compensating fiber. In theseembodiments, the dispersion compensating fiber and the active gainequalized pump source can be implemented at any intermediate stage in amultiple stage amplifier. In other embodiments, active gain equalizationmay be used to upgrade single stage optical amplifiers by implementingan active gain equalized pump source to create a distributed Ramanamplifier. In these embodiments, the distributed Raman amplifier maycomprise, for example, a low-noise pre-amplifier to the existingamplifier.

[0069] Regardless of whether system 10 implements laser diode pumpsources or active gain equalization, in some embodiments, at least oneamplifier 18, 22, and/or 24 can comprise a forward pumped orbi-directionally pumped Raman amplifier that implements a relativelyhigh-dispersion gain fiber and/or a low-noise pump source. In variousembodiments, the forward pumped or bi-directionally pumped Ramanamplifier comprises a relatively high-dispersion gain fiber thatprovides adequate walk off to minimize cross talk and inter-channelinterference between adjacent wavelength channels. In other embodiments,the Raman amplifier comprises a low-noise pump. Implementing a low-noisepump provides the advantage of minimizing cross talk between the pumpsignal and the amplified optical signals during the period the signalsare co-propagating. In some embodiments, the low noise pump comprises arelatively low relative intensity noise (RIN) pump source. As used inthis document the term “low noise pump” refers to a pump source capableof generating a noise fluctuation of no more than a twenty-two (22)percent in the at least one pump signal prior to propagation within theRaman gain medium. U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,014 provides one example of a lownoise pump source. The low RIN pump source can be selected, for example,as a function of the number of spans in the multiple span communicationslink and the dispersion acquired by optical signal 16 while traversingsystem 10.

[0070] In one particular embodiment, system 10 comprises a dispersionmanaged system capable of reducing the system penalties associated withchromatic dispersion and relative intensity noise (RIN). As usedthroughout this document, the term “dispersion managed” refers to asystem that compensates for chromatic dispersion in multiple spans ofthe communication system. In this example, the dispersion managed systemincludes at least one in-line Raman amplifier and at least onedispersion compensating element coupled between spans 20 a-20 n ofsystem 10.

[0071] In some embodiments, the dispersion acquired by optical signal 16while traversing system 10 can comprise a residual dispersion and/or alocal dispersion. As used throughout this document, the term “residualdispersion” refers to dispersion introduced into the span from aprevious span in system 10. The term “local dispersion” refers todispersion acquired by optical signal 16 while traversing a particularspan of system 10.

[0072] In one particular embodiment, the dispersion compensating elementcomprises a maximum dispersion compensation level that provides onlypartial compensation for dispersion acquired by optical signal 16 whiletraversing a span of system 10. Providing only partial dispersioncompensation in each span allows system 10 to maintain a sufficientlyhigh dispersion. Maintaining a sufficiently high dispersion throughoutsystem 10 is advantageous in providing adequate walk off between thepump signal and optical signal 16, which tends reduce the RIN systempenalty.

[0073] II. Stimulated Raman Scattering and Raman Cascading

[0074] To provide a better understanding of the amplificationmechanisms, stimulated Raman scattering and Raman cascading are firstdescribed. Stimulated Raman scattering is the result of third-ordernon-linearities that occur when a dielectric material such as an opticalfiber is exposed to intense light. The third-order non-linear effect(e.g., Raman gain) is proportional to the instantaneous light intensitypassing through a gain medium.

[0075] Stimulated Raman scattering is an important nonlinear processthat turns optical fibers into amplifiers and tunable lasers. Raman gainresults from the interaction of intense light with optical phonons inglass fibers, and Raman scattering leads to a transfer of energy fromone optical beam (e.g., the pump) to another optical beam (e.g., theoptical signal). The signal is downshifted in frequency (or upshifted inwavelength) by an amount determined by the vibrational modes andcomposition of a given glass fiber. The Raman gain coefficient g_(r) fortypical silica fibers extends over a relatively large frequency range(e.g., up to 40 THz) with a broad peak centered at approximately 13.2THz (this corresponds to 440 cm⁻¹). The relatively large frequency rangeresults from the amorphous nature of the silica glass and enablesstimulated Raman scattering to be used in broadband amplifiers. TheRaman gain depends at least in part on the composition of the fiber coreand can vary the with core dopant concentration.

[0076] Raman amplification provides some advantageous features. First,Raman gain can be used to upgrade existing fiber optic links becauseRaman gain is based at least in part on the interaction of the pumpsignal with the optical phonons in the existing transmission fibers.Second, Raman gain provides minimal loss in the absence of pump power,which is an important consideration for system reliability. Third, thegain band associated with Raman gain is set by the pumping wavelengths.Fourth, peak Raman gain is proportional to pump power. Consequently,bandwidth can be increased by increasing the pump power.

[0077] Cascading is the mechanism by which optical energy at the pumpwavelength is transferred, through a series of nonlinear polarizations,to an optical signal at a longer wavelength. Each nonlinear polarizationof the dielectric produces a molecular vibrational state correspondingto a wavelength that is offset from the wavelength of the light thatproduced the stimulation. The nonlinear polarization effect isdistributed throughout the dielectric, resulting in a cascading seriesof wavelength shifts as energy at one wavelength excites a vibrationalmode that produces light at a longer wavelength. This process cancascade through numerous orders. Because the Raman gain profile has apeak centered at 13.2 THz in silica fibers, one Raman order can bearranged to be separated from the previous order by 13.2 THz. In otherwords, each Raman order shifts by a photon energy of 13.2 THz, whichcorresponds to about 80 nm, 90 nm, and 100 nm, at approximately the 1310nm, 1400 nm, and 1460 nm wavelengths, respectively.

[0078] The effects of cascading results in stimulated Raman scatteringamplifiers providing a beneficial effect in optical communicationsystems. Raman amplification can be used to amplify multiple wavelengthsor short optical pulses because the Raman gain spectrum is relativelybroad, for example, a bandwidth of greater than 5 THz around the 13.2THz peak. Moreover, cascading enables Raman amplification over a widerange of different wavelengths. In some cases, Raman gain can beprovided over the entire telecommunications window (e.g., 1300 nm to1600 nm) by varying the pump wavelength or by using cascaded orders ofRaman gain from a single or a few pump wavelengths. Thus, cascaded Ramanorders provide an efficient means by which to accomplish frequencyshifting from a pump signal to any desired wavelength on a longerwavelength side of the pump signal.

[0079] The effective gain bandwidth of Raman amplification is theconvolution of the bandwidth of the pump with the Raman gain curve. Inother words, broadening the bandwidth amplified by Raman amplificationcan occur because of the Raman amplification property that the gainspectrum follows the pump spectrum. Thus, as the pump spectrum changes,the Raman gain spectrum changes as well. This can be useful in bothextending the wavelength range of a pump source, and in amplifyingvarious wavelength signals through Raman transfer from the pump source.

[0080] III. Laser Diode Pump Sources

[0081]FIGS. 2A through 2D are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of laser diode pumps implementing a combination of laserdiodes centered approximately at 1310 nanometers.

[0082]FIG. 2A depicts a pump source 200 including four laser diodes 202a-202 d, each centered approximately at 1310 nanometers. Although thisexample uses four (4) laser diodes 202 a-202 d, any number of laserdiodes can be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. Using laser diodes centered approximately at 1310 nanometersprovides an advantage of facilitating use of simpler ternary material,such as ternary InGaAs, compared to more complex designs requiringquarternary materials. Use of laser diodes formed from quarternarymaterials is, however, also within the scope of this disclosure.Although these examples use laser diodes centered at approximately the1310 nanometer wavelength, the laser diodes can be centered on any otherdesired wavelength without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, in various embodiments, laser diodes 202 a-202d can be centered at a wavelength between 1395 nanometers and 1510nanometers.

[0083] Each laser diode generates an optical signal 203 a-203 d,respectively, which ranges over several nanometers of bandwidth. Inorder to more narrowly focus the wavelength range output from each laserdiode, the illustrated embodiment implements wavelength selectingelements 204 a-204 d, coupled to outputs of laser diodes 202 a-202 d,respectively. In this particular example, wavelength selecting elements204 each comprise an external fiber grating device. To enable the fibergrating device to control the lasing wavelength, this example avoidsdistributed feedback and/or a distributed Bragg reflector type laserdiodes. In some embodiments, one or more anti-reflective coatings may belocated between laser diode 202 and wavelength selecting element 204.

[0084] In various embodiments, each wavelength selecting element 204 iscapable of reflecting at least five (5) percent of the desired lasingcenter wavelength 212. In some embodiments, each wavelength selectingelement 204 is capable of tuning the lasing center wavelength 212 atleast 30 nm from the gain peak of laser diode 202 coupled to wavelengthselecting element 204. Maintaining a desired lasing wavelength when itis within 30 nm of the gain peak of a laser diode is advantageous inensuring wavelength and output power stability over changes in drivecurrent and/or temperature.

[0085] In some embodiments, wavelength selecting elements 204 arecapable of maintaining the polarization of lasing wavelengths 212. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment, polarization maintaining fibers201 couple wavelength selecting elements 204 to laser diodes 202.Although not required in any embodiments, using polarization maintainingfiber to couple laser diodes 202 and wavelength selecting elements 204can ensure substantially linearly polarized signals exiting wavelengthselecting elements 204. In this example, the fiber pigtails of laserdiodes 202 comprise polarization maintaining fibers 201 which arecoupled to or further comprise wavelength selecting elements 204. Insome embodiments, polarization maintaining fibers 201 can comprise oneor more gratings. Where polarization maintaining fiber is not used,polarization can be substantially maintained by keeping the length ofthe external cavity sufficiently short. The external cavities formedbetween laser diodes 202 and wavelength selecting elements 204.

[0086] In this example, signals output from wavelength selectingelements 204 a-204 b comprise wavelengths of approximately 1310nanometers, while signals output from wavelength selecting elements 204c-204 d comprise wavelengths of approximately 1330 nanometers. Althoughthis example uses the 1310 nm and 1330 nm lasing wavelengths, any otherdesired lasing wavelengths and spacing between the wavelengths can beused without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0087] In the illustrated embodiment, pairs of outputs from laser diodes202 are combined using polarization combiners 206. Polarizationcombiners 206 could comprise, for example, polarization beam splitters,polarization multiplexers, or birefringent elements. Using a pair ofoutputs from laser diodes 202 a and 202 b to generate a specific lasingwavelength is advantageous in generating a un-polarized pump, whichminimizes polarization dependent gain effects within Raman amplifiers.

[0088] First polarization combiner 206 a operates to combine lasingwavelengths 212 a and 212 b received from fiber wavelength selectingelements 204 a and 204 b, respectively, to generate a first un-polarizedpump signal 214 a. In a similar manner, second polarization combiner 206b operates to combine lasing wavelengths 212 c and 212 d and to generatea second un-polarized pump signal 214 b.

[0089] In this example, pump 200 further includes a wavelength combiner208 operable to combine un-polarized pump signals 214 a and 214 b intoan un-polarized multiple wavelength pump signal 210. Wavelength combiner208 may comprise any device capable of combining a plurality ofwavelength signals into a multiple wavelength signal, such as, forexample, one or more wavelength division multiplexers (WDM).

[0090]FIG. 2B depicts a pump source 250 including eight laser diodes 252a-252 h, each centered approximately at 1310 nanometers. Although thisexample utilizes eight laser diodes 252 a-252 h, any number of laserdiodes can be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. Each laser diode 252 a-252 h generates an optical signal 253a-253 h, respectively, which ranges over several nanometers ofbandwidth. The structure and function of each laser diode 252 a-252 hcan be substantially similar to laser diodes 202 a-202 d of FIG. 2A.

[0091] In this embodiment, pump source 250 includes a plurality ofwavelength selecting elements 254 a-254 h coupled to outputs of laserdiodes 252 a-252 h and each operable to more narrowly focus thewavelength range from each laser diode. In this particular example,wavelength selecting elements 254 each comprise an external fibergrating device. To enable the fiber grating device to control the lasingwavelength, this example avoids distributed feedback and/or adistributed Bragg reflector type laser diodes. In some embodiments, oneor more anti-reflective coatings may be located between laser diode 252and fiber wavelength selecting element 254.

[0092] In various embodiments, each wavelength selecting element 254 iscapable of reflecting at least five (5) percent of the desired lasingcenter wavelength 262. In some embodiments, each wavelength selectingelement 254 is capable of tuning the lasing center wavelength 262 atleast 30 nm from the gain peak of laser diode 252 coupled to wavelengthselecting element 254. Maintaining a desired lasing wavelength when itis within 30 nm of the gain peak of a laser diode is advantageous inensuring wavelength and output power stability over changes in drivecurrent and/or temperature.

[0093] In some embodiments, wavelength selecting elements 254 arecapable of maintaining the polarization of lasing wavelengths 262. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment, polarization maintaining fibers251 couple wavelength selecting elements 254 to laser diodes 252.Although not required in any embodiments, using polarization maintainingfiber to couple laser diodes 252 and wavelength selecting elements 254can ensure substantially linearly polarized signals exiting wavelengthselecting elements 254. In this example, the fiber pigtails of laserdiodes 252 comprise polarization maintaining fibers 251 which arecoupled to or further comprise wavelength selecting elements 254. Insome embodiments, polarization maintaining fibers 251 can comprise oneor more gratings. Where polarization maintaining fiber is not used,polarization can be substantially maintained by keeping the length ofthe external cavity sufficiently short. The external cavities formedbetween laser diodes 252 and wavelength selecting elements 254.

[0094] In this example, signals output from wavelength selectingelements 254 a and 254 b comprise wavelengths of approximately 1295 nm,while signals output from selecting elements 254 c and 254 d comprisewavelengths of approximately 1310 nm. In addition, output signals fromwavelength selecting elements 254 e and 254 f comprise wavelengths ofapproximately 1325 nm, while signals output from selecting elements 254g and 254 h comprise wavelengths of approximately 1340 nm. Although thisexample uses the 1295 nm, 1310 nm, 1325 nm, and 1340 nm lasingwavelengths, any other desired lasing wavelengths and wavelength spacingcan be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0095] In the illustrated embodiment, pairs of outputs from laser diodes252 are combined using polarization combiners 256. Polarizationcombiners 256 could comprise, for example, polarization beam splitters,polarization multiplexers, or birefringent elements. Using a pair ofoutputs from laser diodes 252 a and 252 b to generate a specific lasingwavelength is advantageous in generating an un-polarized pump, whichminimizes polarization dependent gain effects within Raman amplifiers.

[0096] In this example, pump 250 includes four (4) polarizationcombiners 256 a-256 d operable to combine a pair of lasing wavelengths262 received from its respective wavelength selecting element 254 and togenerate an un-polarized pump signal 264. For example, firstpolarization combiner 256 a operates to combine lasing wavelengths 262 aand 262 b received from wavelength selecting elements 254 a and 254 b,respectively, to generate a first un-polarized pump signal 264 a.

[0097] In this example, pump source 250 further includes a wavelengthcombiner 258 operable to combine un-polarized pump signals 264 a, 264 b,264 c, and 264 d into an un-polarized multiple wavelength pump signal260. Wavelength combiner 258 may comprise any device capable ofcombining a plurality of wavelength signals into a multiple wavelengthsignal, such as, for example, one or more wavelength divisionmultiplexers (WDM).

[0098]FIGS. 2C and 2D illustrate two embodiments of techniques to createpolarization diversity pumping. A pump laser 280, such as acladding-pumped fiber laser, can be linearly polarized. As depicted inFIG. 2C, pump laser 280 is coupled to a length of polarizationmaintaining fiber 282, where the light is coupled at forty-five (45)degrees to the fiber axes, and the birefringence of the polarizationmaintaining fiber splits the two polarizations. The fiber can be rotatedto accommodate the launch angle, or a quarter or half-wave retarder 290can be used at the entrance end of the polarization maintaining fiber toadjust the polarization. Alternately, as shown in FIG. 2D, a 50:50coupler 284 is used to split the pump light into two beams. Thepolarization of one of the beams is then rotated by a quarter orhalf-wave retarder 286, and the two beams are then combined using apolarization beam splitter 288. Once separated along two axes, the pumplight is then delivered to the Raman amplifier or laser configurations.The polarization diversity scheme can be combined with otherimprovements disclosed in the specification.

[0099]FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating three exemplary Raman cascadeorders starting from laser diodes centered at approximately the 1310 nmwavelength and exemplary applications for each order. In this example,the pump comprises a plurality of laser diodes centered approximately atthe 1310 nm wavelength. The 1310 nm laser diode pump is capable ofdirectly pumping a Raman amplifier or capable of use in a broadbandRaman oscillator. The broadband Raman oscillator operates to wavelengthshift the Raman gain spectrum to the desired wavelength window. In thisexample, each of the plurality of laser diodes is combined with anotherlaser diode to form a pair of laser diodes. In this example, the pumpcomprises five (5) pairs of laser diodes each pair of laser diodesgenerates a lasing wavelength that spaced approximately 15 nm from theadjacent lasing wavelength.

[0100] As illustrated in this chart, each Raman order shifts by a photonenergy of approximately 13.2 THz. This shift corresponds roughly toabout 80 nm, about 90 nm, and about 100 nm at approximately the 1310 nm,1400 nm, and 1460 nm wavelengths, respectively. In this example, the1310 nm laser diode pump can be used to directly pump a Raman amplifierfor the 1400 nm window or as a Raman oscillator pump for the “violet”window. The second cascade order can be used as a Raman amplifier forthe “violet” window or a Raman oscillator pump for supplementing theEDFA window with either active gain equalization, dispersioncompensating fiber, or distributed Raman amplification. Finally thethird cascade order can be used for an amplifier to supplement the EDFAband, either with discrete or distributed gain, using Raman or othertypes of amplification.

[0101] IV. Wavelength Shifters

[0102]FIGS. 4A through 4C are block diagrams illustrating exampleembodiments of wavelength shifters capable of generating a multiplewavelength output signal from a single wavelength input signal. AlthoughFIGS. 4A through 4C describe particular examples of wavelength shifters,other wavelength shifter designs can be implemented without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. The wavelength shifter designsdescribed in FIGS. 4A through 4C are for illustrative purposes only. Invarious embodiments, the wavelength shifters illustrated in FIGS. 4Athrough 4C can control the power level for each wavelength in the outputsignal. Generating a multiple wavelength output signal from a singlepump input signal and controlling the output power of each wavelengthadvantageously enables tailoring of the gain spectrum of an opticalamplifier coupled to the wavelength shifter.

[0103]FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of awavelength shifter 400 capable of generating a multiple wavelengthoutput signal 416 from a single pump input signal 414. In thisparticular embodiment, wavelength shifter 400 operates to generatemultiple wavelength output signal 416 with at least 1314 nanometer and1324 nanometer wavelengths. In this example, wavelength shifter 400includes pump source 401 operable to generate a pump input signal 414.In this particular embodiment, pump source 401 comprises fiber laser 402capable of generating an 1117 nanometer pump signal, and a Ramanresonator 406 capable of shifting pump signal 414 at least one Ramancascade orders. Raman resonator 406 may comprise any device capable ofshifting pump signal 414 at least one Raman cascade order. In thisparticular embodiment, Raman resonator 406 operates to shift the 1117nanometer pump signal two Raman cascade orders (e.g., to 1240nanometers). In some embodiments, varying the current supplied to fiberlaser 402 can operate to control the power level for each wavelength inoutput signal 416.

[0104] In this example, wavelength shifter 400 includes at least a firstselecting element 408 a and a second selecting element 408 b. Selectingelements 408 a and 408 b can comprise any device, such as, for example,a dielectric grating or one or more Fabry Perot filters. Each selectingelement 408 a and 408 b operates to transmit a portion of a desiredwavelength to be output from wavelength shifter 400. In addition, eachselecting element 408 a and 408 b operates to at least partially reflecta desired wavelength to a gain medium 410 to allow wavelength shifter400 to continue lasing at the desired wavelength or wavelengths. In thisexample, elements 408 a and 408 b comprise partially transmittinggratings approximately centered on the 1314 and 1324 nanometerwavelengths, respectively.

[0105] Raman gain fiber 410 operates to shift the frequency response ofpump input signal 414 to one or more desired wavelengths to formmultiple wavelength output signal 416. Gain fiber 410 may comprise anyfiber type capable of wavelength shifting pump input signal 414 to adifferent Raman cascade order. In various embodiments, gain fiber 410may comprise, for example, a dispersion compensating fiber or dispersionshifted fiber. In one particular embodiment, gain fiber 410 comprises adispersion shifted fiber with a fiber length of approximately twokilometers. Wavelength shifter 400 also includes a reflector 412operable to at least partially reflect pump input signal 414. In thisparticular embodiment, reflector 412 comprises a Sagnac mirror with a50:50 coupler. Selecting elements 408 and reflector 412 form opticalcavities where output signals 416 are generated within gain medium 410.

[0106] In this example, wavelength shifter 400 includes a wavelengthseparator 404 capable of de-coupling the desired pump wavelengthsreceived from selecting elements 408. Separator 404 could comprise, forexample, a wavelength division demultiplexer or an optical coupler.

[0107]FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of awavelength shifter 430 capable of generating a multiple wavelengthoutput signal 446 from a single pump input signal 444. In this example,wavelength shifter 430 is similar in structure and function towavelength shifter 400 of FIG. 4A. Like shifter 400, wavelength shifter430 includes a fiber laser 432, a Raman gain fiber 440, a wavelengthseparator 434, and a reflector 442. In this particular example, gainfiber 440 comprises a dispersion compensating fiber with a fiber lengthof approximately one-half kilometer, while reflector 442 comprises areflective mirror. In this particular embodiment, wavelength shifter 430operates to generate multiple wavelength output signal 446 with at least1396 nanometer and 1421 nanometer wavelengths.

[0108] Wavelength shifter 430 also includes at least a first selectingelement 438 a and a second selecting element 438 b. Although thisexample includes two selecting elements 438 a and 438 b, any number ofselecting elements can be used without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure. The structure and function of selecting elements 438a and 438 b can be substantially similar to selecting elements 408 a and408 b of FIG. 4A. In this example, selecting element 438 a comprises agrating that is approximately twenty (20) percent reflective and isapproximately centered on the 1396 nanometer wavelength. Selectingelement 408 b comprises a grating that is approximately forty (40)percent reflective and is approximately centered on the 1421 nanometerwavelength.

[0109] The example shown in FIG. 4B differs from the example shown inFIG. 4A in that wavelength shifter 430 implements a plurality ofreflective gratings 436 a-436 c each centered on a different wavelengthof a reflection band. Although this example includes three gratings 436a-436 c, any number of gratings can be used without departing from thescope of the present disclosure. Gratings 436 a-436 c can comprise anydevice, such as, for example, a high-reflectivity dielectric grating. Inthis particular example, each of gratings 436 a-436 c comprises agrating with a reflectivity between ninety-five (95) to one hundred(100) percent at the center wavelength. Gratings 436 a-436 c operate tofacilitate cascading of pump input signal 444 to a desired lasingwavelength. In this example, gratings 436 a, 436 b, and 436 c areapproximately centered on the 1175, 1240, and 1311 nanometerwavelengths, respectively.

[0110] In some embodiments, varying the current supplied to fiber laser432 can operate to control the power level for each wavelength in outputsignal 446. An illustrative example of how varying the current suppliedto fiber laser 432 can affect the power level of each output wavelengthin output signal 446 is set forth in Table 1. TABLE 1 1396 nm 1421 nmTotal Pump Wavelength Wavelength Drive Current Signal Power Power LevelPower Level 14.0 amps 369 mW 57.8% 38.0% 14.5 amps 414 mW 47.6% 48.5%15.0 amps 460 mW 38.6% 57.5% 16.0 amps 560 mW 22.8% 73.3%

[0111]FIG. 4C is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of awavelength shifter 460 capable of generating a multiple wavelengthoutput signal 476 from a single pump input signal 474. In this example,wavelength shifter 460 is similar in structure and function towavelength shifter 430 of FIG. 4B. Like shifter 430, wavelength shifter460 includes a fiber laser 462, a wavelength separator 464, a Raman gainfiber 470, reflectors 472, selecting elements 468 a-468 b, and aplurality of reflective gratings 466 a-466 c. Gratings 466 a, 466 b 1,466 b 2, and 466 c are approximately centered on the 1175, 1240, 1240,and 1311 nanometer wavelengths, respectively. In this particularembodiment, wavelength shifter 460 operates to generate multiplewavelength output signal 476 with at least 1396 nanometer and 1421nanometer wavelengths.

[0112] The example shown in FIG. 4C differs from the example shown inFIG. 4B in that wavelength shifter 460 implements separator 464 withinthe laser cavity. In this example, the laser cavity comprises thatportion of wavelength shifter 460 residing between reflective gratings466 a and 466 b 1 on one end and reflectors 472 on the other end.Separator 464 can comprises any device capable of de-coupling multipleRaman cascade orders and the desired pump wavelengths from wavelengthshifter 460. In this particular example, separator 464 comprises awavelength division multiplexer coupler with a sinusoidal filterfunction.

[0113]FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating example output spectra generated bya wavelength shifter from a single pump input wavelength. In thisparticular embodiment, the wavelength shifter comprises at least a firstgrating approximately centered on the 1314 nanometer wavelength and asecond grating approximately centered on the 1324 nanometer wavelength.In various embodiments, the structure and function of the wavelengthshifter can be substantially similar to any the wavelength shiftersdepicted in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In this example, each of lines 502,504, and 506 represents an output spectrum that was generated from asingle pump input wavelength. Line 502 represents the output spectrumgenerated while the fiber laser is receiving a current of approximatelynine (9) amps. Line 504 represents the output spectrum generated whilethe fiber laser is receiving a current of approximately twelve (12)amps. Line 506 represents the output spectrum generated while the fiberlaser is receiving a current of approximately eighteen (18) amps. Thehorizontal axis represents the output lasing wavelength, while thevertical axis represents the output signal power.

[0114] This graph illustrates that modifying the current supplied to thefiber laser can result in a change of the power of each of the desiredoutput wavelengths generated by the wavelength shifter. In most cases,the wavelength shifter causes the shorter wavelength to lase within thelaser cavity at a lower fiber laser power than the longer wavelength. Asillustrated by output spectrum 502, only the 1314 nanometer wavelengthlases within the laser cavity while the fiber laser is receiving acurrent of approximately nine (9) amps. As the current supplied to thefiber laser increases, the wavelength shifter causes the longerwavelength to lase and increases the overall power level of the shorterwavelength. Output spectrum 504 shows that the 1324 nanometer wavelengthlases and the power level of the 1314 nanometer wavelength increases byapproximately ten (10) decibels after the current supplied to the fiberlaser has been increased to twelve (12) amps.

[0115] This graph further illustrates that at some point the longerwavelength signal begins to deplete the shorter wavelength signal as thecurrent supplied to the fiber laser is increased. For example, outputspectrum 506 shows that the power level associated with the 1324nanometer wavelength is approximately six (6) decibels higher than thepower level associated with the 1314 nanometer wavelength. Modifying thepower levels associated with each of the lasing wavelengths canadvantageously enable tailoring of the gain spectrum of an opticalamplifier coupled to the wavelength shifter.

[0116] V. Broadband Raman Oscillators as Wavelength Shifters

[0117]FIGS. 6A and 6B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of broadband Raman oscillators. In these embodiments, eachbroadband Raman oscillator 600 and 650 comprises a pump 602 and 652,respectively, capable of generating a relatively low noise pump signal.In various embodiments, the structure and function of pumps 602 and 652can be substantially similar to any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2Athrough 2D. Broadband Raman oscillator 600 and 650 each operate towavelength shift the lasing wavelengths generated by pumps 602 and 652,which produces an oscillator output signal 614 and 664, respectively, ata desired frequency for Raman amplification.

[0118] In these embodiments, each broadband Raman oscillator 600 and 650comprises at least one wavelength control element 604 and 654 coupled toone end of a Raman gain fiber 606 and 656, respectively. Oscillators 600and 650 also include a reflector 608 and 658, such as, for example, aSagnac mirror coupled to the other end of Raman gain fiber 606 and 656,respectively. Gain is provided by a Raman gain fiber that is pumped bypump 602 and 652.

[0119]FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 600 implementing a pump 602. In thisexample, oscillator 600 includes pump 602 operable to generate a pumpsignal 612 and a Raman gain fiber 606 operable to facilitate shiftingthe frequency response of pump signal 612. Pump signal 612 can comprise,for example, a multiple wavelength signal generated by a plurality oflaser diodes or a single pump source as in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In oneparticular example, pump signal 612 comprises at least one wavelengthapproximately centered at the 1310 nm wavelength. Gain fiber 606 maycomprise any fiber type capable of wavelength shifting pump signal 612to a different Raman cascade order. In various embodiments, gain fiber606 may comprise, for example, an optical fiber comprising a highgermanium content, a large core-cladding index difference, and a smalleffective area. In one particular embodiment, gain fiber 606 comprises afiber length of at least one (1) kilometer.

[0120] In this embodiment, oscillator 600 includes a wavelength combiner610 capable of coupling pump signal 612 to oscillator 600 andtransmitting all other Raman cascade orders. Wavelength combiner 610 maycomprise any device, such as, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer. Oscillator 600 also includes a reflector 608 operable to atleast partially reflect pump signal 612 and a plurality of wavelengthcontrol elements 604. In this particular embodiment, reflector 608comprises a Sagnac mirror with a 50:50 coupler. Although this exampleuses two control elements 604 a and 604 b, any number of elements may beused without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Controlelements 604 may comprise any device, such as, for example, a broadbandgrating, a dielectric filter, or a wavelength division multiplexerfilter. In this example, elements 604 a and 604 b are partiallytransmitting gratings. Control elements 604 a and 604 b operate tocommunicate the desired Raman cascade order from broadband Ramanoscillator 600. In this example, elements 604 a and 604 b are centeredon the desired Raman cascade order.

[0121]FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 650 implementing a pump 652. In thisexample, oscillator 650 includes pump 652 operable to generate a pumpsignal 662 and a plurality of wavelength control elements 654 operableto couple one or more selected wavelengths of pump signal 662 tooscillator 650. Pump signal 662 can comprise, for example, a multiplewavelength signal generated by a plurality of laser diodes or a singlepump source as in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In one particular example, pumpsignal 662 comprises at least one wavelength approximately centered atthe 1310 nm wavelength. Although this example uses two control elements654 a and 654 b, any number of elements may be used without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In this example, elements 654a and 654 b also operate to reject all other Raman cascade orders.Control elements 654 a and 654 b enable pump signal 662 to pass andsubstantially reflect the cascaded signals generated within oscillator650.

[0122] In this embodiment, oscillator 650 also includes a Raman gainfiber 656 operable to shift the frequency response of pump signal 662.Gain fiber 656 may comprise any fiber type capable of wavelengthshifting pump signal 662 to a different Raman cascade order. In variousembodiments, gain fiber 656 may comprise, for example, an optical fibercomprising a high germanium content, a large core-cladding indexdifference, and a small effective area. In one particular embodiment,gain fiber 656 comprises a fiber length of at least one (1) kilometer.

[0123] In this embodiment, oscillator 650 also includes a reflector 658operable to at least partially reflect pump signal 662, and at least onewavelength division multiplexer 660 capable of de-coupling the desiredRaman cascade order. In this particular embodiment, high reflector 658comprises a Sagnac mirror with a 50:50 coupler.

[0124]FIGS. 7A through 7C are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of broadband Raman oscillators implementing Sagnac Ramancavities. In these embodiments, each broadband Raman oscillator 700,730, and 760 comprises a pump 702, 732, and 762, respectively, capableof generating a relatively low noise pump signal. In variousembodiments, the structure and function of pumps 702, 732, and 762 canbe substantially similar to any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2A through2D. Each broadband Raman oscillator 700, 730, and 760 operates towavelength shift the lasing wavelengths generated by pumps 702, 732, and762 to the desired Raman cascade order. Each broadband Raman oscillator700, 730, and 760 is capable of producing an oscillator output signal718, 748, and 778, respectively, at a desired lasing wavelength orwavelengths.

[0125] In these embodiments, each broadband Raman oscillator 700, 730,and 760 comprises a Sagnac Raman mirror 704, 734, and 764. Each SagnacRaman mirror comprises a gain fiber 708, 738, and 768 operable tofacilitate shifting the pump signals received from pumps 702, 732, and762. In these examples, the ends of each Sagnac Raman mirror are coupledto an optical coupler 706, 736, and 766. Optical coupler 706, 736, and766 may comprise an approximately 50:50 coupler from the pump signalwavelength to the output signal wavelength. Although this example uses a50:50 coupler to connect the ends of the Sagnac Raman mirror, any othercoupler may be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure.

[0126] In some embodiments, each Sagnac Raman mirror 704, 734, and 764may include a polarization controller 710, 740, and 770 operable tocontrol a polarization state of the desired Raman cascade order. Inother embodiments, each gain fiber 708, 738, and 768 may comprise apolarization maintaining fiber operable to control a polarization stateof the desired Raman cascade order. Using Sagnac Raman mirrors 704, 734,and 764 provides the advantage of generating a passive noise dampeningproperty, which tends to lead to relatively quiet cascading of variousRaman orders.

[0127]FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 700 implementing a Sagnac Raman mirror 704.In this example, oscillator 700 comprises at least a first wavelengthcombiner 714 a and a second wavelength combiner 714 b. Although thisexample uses two wavelength combiners 714 a and 714 b, any other numberof combiners may be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. Wavelength combiners 714 a and 714 b may comprise any devicecapable of coupling and/or de-coupling one or more wavelength signals toand/or from oscillator 700, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer. In this example, first combiner 714 a operates to couple aparticular Raman cascade order pump signal 716 to oscillator 700 and totransmit all other Raman cascade orders. In one particular embodiment,pump signal 716 comprises at least one lasing wavelength approximatelycentered at the 1310 nm wavelength. Second combiner 714 b operates tode-couple oscillator output signal 718 from oscillator 700 and totransmit all other wavelength signals. Oscillator output signal 718 maycomprise, for example, a desired Raman cascade order.

[0128] In this particular embodiment, broadband Raman oscillatorincludes a reflector 712 operable to substantially reflect allwavelength signals contained within oscillator 700. Reflector 712 maycomprise any device capable of reflecting a wide range of wavelengthsignals, such as, for example, a mirror.

[0129]FIG. 7B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 730 implementing a Sagnac Raman mirror 734.In this example, oscillator 730 includes a laser diode pump 732 coupledto a port 750 of optical coupler 736. Port 750 of optical coupler 736operates to couple a pump signal 746 to oscillator 730. In oneparticular embodiment, pump signal 746 comprises at least one lasingwavelength approximately centered at the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0130] In the illustrated embodiment, oscillator 730 includes awavelength combiner 744 operable to de-couple oscillator output signal748 and to transmit all other Raman cascade orders. Wavelength combiner744 may comprise any device capable of de-coupling one or morewavelength signals from oscillator 730, for example, a wavelengthdivision demultiplexer. Oscillator output signal 748 may comprise, forexample, a desired Raman cascade order.

[0131] In this particular embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 730includes a reflector 742 operable to substantially reflect allwavelength signals contained within oscillator 730. Reflector 742 maycomprise any device capable of reflecting a wide range of wavelengthsignals, such as, for example, a mirror.

[0132]FIG. 7C is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 760 implementing a Sagnac Raman mirror 764.In this example, oscillator 760 includes a laser diode pump 762 coupledto a port 774 of optical coupler 766. Port 774 of optical coupler 766operates to couple a pump signal 776 to oscillator 760. In oneparticular embodiment, pump signal 766 comprises at least one lasingwavelength approximately centered at the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0133] In the illustrated embodiment, oscillator 760 includes awavelength control element 772 operable to de-couple oscillator outputsignal 778 and to reflect all other Raman cascade orders and wavelengthsignals. Control element 772 may comprise any device, such as, forexample, a broadband grating, a dielectric filter, or a wavelengthdivision multiplexer filter. In this example, element 772 comprises apartially transmitting grating. In this example, element 772 is centeredon the desired Raman cascade order.

[0134]FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 800 implementing a Sagnac Raman mirror 802.In this example, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes at least afirst pair of laser diodes 804 a and a second pair of laser diodes 804b. Although this example includes two pairs of laser diodes 804 a and804 b, any additional number of laser diode pairs can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. Each pair of laserdiodes 804 a and 804 b is capable of producing an un-polarized pumpsignal 830 and 832, respectively, at a desired lasing wavelength orwavelengths. In one particular embodiment, each pair of laser diodes 804is capable of generating a lasing wavelength centered at approximately1310 nm. In some embodiments, the lasing wavelengths can be chosen toprovide a desired Raman gain spectrum.

[0135] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes atleast a first pair of fiber grating devices 806 a and a second pair offiber grating devices 806 b. Although this example includes two pairs offiber grating devices 806 a and 806 b, any additional number of gratingdevice can be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. The structure and function of each fiber grating devicewithin pairs of fiber grating devices 806 a and 806 b can besubstantially similar to wavelength selecting elements 204 a-204 d ofFIG. 2A.

[0136] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes atleast a first polarization combiner 808 a and a second polarizationcombiner 808 b. Although this example includes two polarizationcombiners 808 a and 808 b, any additional number of polarizationcombiners may be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. The structure and function of polarization combiners 808 aand 808 b can be substantially similar to polarization combiners 206 ofFIG. 2A. In this particular embodiment, first polarization combiner 808a operates to generate pump signal 830, while second polarizationcombiner 808 b operates to generate pump signal 832.

[0137] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes aSagnac Raman mirror 802 operable to wavelength shift pump signals 830and 832 generated by laser diode pairs 804 a and 804 b to the desiredRaman cascade order. Sagnac Raman mirror 802 also operates to combinepump signals 830 and 832. Sagnac Raman mirror 802 comprises a gain fiber812 operable to wavelength shift pump signals 830 and 832 to the desiredRaman cascade order.

[0138] In some embodiments, Sagnac Raman mirror 800 may include apolarization controller 814 operable to control a polarization state ofthe desired Raman cascade order. In other embodiments, gain fiber 812may comprise a polarization maintaining fiber operable to control apolarization state of the desired Raman cascade order. Using SagnacRaman mirror 802 provides the advantage of generating a passive noisedampening property, which tends to lead to relatively quiet cascading ofvarious Raman orders.

[0139] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes anoptical coupler 810 coupled to the ends of Sagnac Raman mirror 802 andoperable to combine pump signals 830 and 832 to form a multiplewavelength pump signal. Optical coupler 810 may comprise any couplingdevice, such as, for example, an approximately 50:50 coupler from thewavelengths of pump signals 830 and 832 to the wavelengths of oscillatoroutput signal 834. Although this example uses a 50:50 coupler, any othercoupler may be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure.

[0140] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 800 includes awavelength combiner 816 operable to de-couple oscillator output signal834 and to transmit all other Raman cascade orders and pump signals 830and 832. Wavelength combiner 816 may comprise any device capable ofde-coupling one or more wavelength signals from oscillator 800, forexample, a wavelength division demultiplexer. Oscillator output signal834 may comprise, for example, a desired Raman cascade order.

[0141]FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofa broadband Raman oscillator 900 implementing a circulator loop cavity902. In this example, broadband Raman oscillator 900 includes a laserdiode pump 904 capable of generating a relatively low noise pump signal920. In one particular embodiment, pump signal 920 comprises at leastone lasing wavelength approximately centered at the 1310 nm wavelength.In various embodiments, the structure and function of laser diode pump904 can be substantially similar to any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2Athrough 2D. In this example, pump signal 920 circulates withincirculator cavity 902 in a clockwise direction.

[0142] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 900 includescirculator cavity 902 operable to wavelength shift the lasingwavelengths generated by laser diode pump 904 to the desired Ramancascade order. Circulator cavity 904 comprises a circulator 908, a gainfiber 906 coupled between port 908 c and 908 a of circulator 908, and awavelength control element 910 coupled to port 908 b of circulator 908.Although in this example circulator 908 comprises three ports 908 a-908c, any other number of ports may be used without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

[0143] Circulator 908 may comprise any non-reciprocal device capable ofsequentially transmitting wavelength signals from one port to anotherport. For example, port 908 a can only transmit a wavelength signal toport 908 b, while port 908 b can only transmit a wavelength signal toport 908 c. Port 908 a and port 908 c are typically isolated from oneanother. In various embodiments, circulator 908 can comprise apolarization independent device with a relatively low insertion loss. Inother embodiments, circulator 908 can comprise a broadband devicecapable of transmitting the desired Raman cascade order and the lasingwavelengths of pump signal 920.

[0144] In the illustrated embodiment, circulator cavity 902 includes awavelength control element 910 operable to reflect the desired Ramancascade order. In this embodiment, control element 910 operates toprovide broadband reflection at selected Raman cascade orders. Controlelement 910 may comprise any device, such as, for example, a chirpedfiber grating, a wavelength control filter, a combination of these orother devices.

[0145] In one particular embodiment, control element 910 comprises aplurality of chirped Bragg gratings. Chirped Bragg gratings comprise alength and a variation in periodicity along that length that allows thegratings to control the bandwidth of the output Raman cascade order. Insome embodiments, the Bragg condition at the center of chirped gratingcan coincide with the maximum gain wavelengths of the desired Ramancascade order. The use of chirped Bragg gratings as element 910 isadvantageous in providing a mechanism to tailor the bandwidth of thedesired Raman cascade order. In addition, chirped Bragg gratings alsotend to reduce fiber insertion loss. In another embodiment, wavelengthcontrol element 910 can comprise a plurality of serially coupledgratings each comprising a different center wavelength.

[0146] Coupling wavelength control element 910 to port 908 b enablespump signal 920 and/or a Raman cascade order to partiallycounter-propagate with oscillator output signal 922. In this example,oscillator output signal 922 comprises a desired Raman cascade order.

[0147] In this example, circulator cavity 902 comprises at least a firstwavelength combiner 912 a and a second wavelength combiner 912 b.Although this example uses two wavelength combiners 912 a and 912 b, anyother number of combiners may be used without departing from the scopeof the present disclosure. Wavelength combiners 912 a and 912 b maycomprise any device capable of coupling and/or de-coupling one or morewavelength signals from cavity 902, for example, a wavelength divisiondemultiplexer. In this example, first combiner 912 a operates to couplea pump signal 920 to cavity 902 and to transmit all other Raman cascadeorders. Second combiner 912 b operates to de-couple oscillator outputsignal 922 from cavity 902 and to transmit all other wavelength signals.Oscillator output signal 922 may comprise, for example, a desired Ramancascade order.

[0148] VI. Broadening the Output Bandwidth from a BBRO

[0149]FIGS. 10A through 10C are graphs illustrating exemplary Raman gainspectra for laser diode pumps. In these embodiments, the structure andfunction of the laser diode pumps can be substantially similar to any ofthe pump sources in FIGS. 2A through 2D.

[0150] In various embodiments, the laser diode pump can be wavelengthshifted in a broadband Raman oscillator. In those embodiments, thestructure and function of the Raman oscillator can be substantiallysimilar to any of the Raman oscillators of FIGS. 6 through 9. In somecases, the broadband Raman oscillator can achieve an increased bandwidthby selecting a gain fiber that has an appropriate zero dispersionwavelength. For example, where the zero dispersion wavelength of thegain fiber is in close wavelength proximity to the pump signal, saywithin 30 nm, the pump will spectrally broaden through phase matchingand/or four-wave mixing. Phase matching generates long and shortside-band wavelengths that spectrally broaden of the pump signal. Inturn, this broadened pump signal leads to a broadening of the gain bandthrough the Raman process.

[0151] In some embodiments, the laser diode pump itself can broaden theoutput bandwidth from the broadband Raman oscillator. The gain spectrumof Raman gain tends to follow the pump spectrum and broadens at eachconsecutive Raman cascade order. Thus, if the laser diode pumpimplements a series of laser diodes at varying wavelengths or if asingle pump source is used to generate multiple pump wavelengths, thenthe Raman gain will correspondingly broaden.

[0152]FIG. 10A is a graph illustrating an exemplary Raman gain spectrum1002 for a laser diode pump implementing four equal amplitude pairs oflaser diodes. In this particular example, laser diode pump 1002generates a multiple wavelength signal comprising the 1391 nm, 1406 nm,1421 nm, and 1436 nm wavelengths. Although this example includes fourwavelengths each separated by 15 nm, any additional number ofwavelengths or different wavelength spacing can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention.

[0153] This graph shows that the spectral width of gain spectrum 1002 atfull width half maximum comprises approximately 84 nm at a wavelength ofapproximately 1500 nm. In contrast, a typical fused-silica optical fiberhas a peak gain at approximately 13.2 THz, while the spectral width atfull width half maximum comprises approximately 7 THz or approximately53 nm at a wavelength of 1500 nm. Thus, the gain spectral width hasbroadened by an amount equal to the square root of the sum of squares ofthe pump signal width and the Raman gain width.

[0154]FIG. 10B is a graph illustrating an exemplary Raman gain spectrum1026 for a laser diode pump implementing two pairs of laser diodes withdifferent relative intensities. In this example, the laser diode pumpcomprises at least a first pair of laser diodes and a second pair oflaser diodes. The first pair of laser diodes generates a pump signalcentered at approximately the 1400 nm wavelength. In addition, the firstpair of laser diodes comprises a relative intensity of about 1.Similarly the second pair of laser diodes generates a pump signalcentered at approximately the 1425 nm wavelength and comprises arelative intensity of about 4.7.

[0155] This graph shows that the uniformity of Raman gain spectrum 1026can be improved by tailoring the amplitudes and/or power of thedifferent wavelengths and the wavelength spacing. For example, gainspectrum 1026 comprises a relatively flat gain between approximately1497 nm and 1535 nm wavelengths. In this particular example, thespectral width of gain spectrum 1026 at full width half maximumcomprises approximately 68 nm.

[0156]FIG. 10C is a graph illustrating an exemplary Raman gain spectrum1052 for a laser diode pump implementing a plurality of pairs of laserdiodes with different relative intensities. In this example, the laserdiode pump comprises three pairs of laser diodes. The first pair oflaser diodes generates a pump signal centered at approximately the 1380nm wavelength and comprises a relative intensity of about 1. The secondpair of laser diodes generates a pump signal centered at approximatelythe 1397.5 nm wavelength and comprises a relative intensity of about0.9. The third pair of laser diodes generates a pump signal centered atapproximately the 1430 nm wavelength and comprises a relative intensityof about 2.5.

[0157] This graph shows that the uniformity of Raman gain spectrum 1052can be improved by tailoring the amplitudes and/or intensities of thedifferent pump wavelengths as well as the wavelength spacing. As used inthis document, the terms “amplitude” and “intensity” at a pumpwavelength refer to the pump output power at that wavelength. Likewise,the terms “amplitude” and “intensity” of laser or pump source refer tothe output power of that laser or pump source. For example, gainspectrum 852 comprises a relatively flat gain between approximately 1475nm and 1540 nm wavelengths. In this particular example, the spectralwidth of gain spectrum 1052 at full width half maximum comprisesapproximately 100 nm.

[0158] VII. Gain Control by Varying Pump Powers

[0159]FIGS. 11A through 11D are block diagrams illustrating exampleoptical amplifiers capable of varying the amplifier gain spectrum bycontrolling pump wavelength power levels.

[0160]FIG. 11A is a block diagram illustrating an example opticalamplifier 1100 capable of varying a gain spectrum associated withamplifier 1100 by controlling pump wavelength power levels. In thisexample, amplifier 1100 includes a pump source 1102 operable to generatea multiple wavelength pump signal 1114. Pump source 1102 may compriseany device capable of generating the desired pump signal 1114, such as,for example, a plurality of laser diodes, a laser diode combined with awavelength shifter, or a broadband Raman oscillator. In this particularembodiment, pump source 1102 generates a multiple wavelength pump signal1114 operable to control a gain spectrum of amplifier 1100. In variousembodiments, pump source 1102 controls the gain spectrum of amplifier1100 by modifying a power level and/or amplitude of one or morewavelengths of pump signal 1114.

[0161] In this particular embodiment, pump source 1102 comprises aplurality of laser diodes, each operable to generate a pump wavelength.In other embodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1102 canbe substantially similar to any one of wavelength shifters depicted inFIGS. 4A through 4C, to any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2A through 2D,or to any of the broadband Raman oscillators illustrated in FIGS. 6through 9. In this example, pump source 1102 operates to generatemultiple wavelength pump signal 1114 comprising at least the 1396nanometer and 1421 nanometer wavelengths.

[0162] In this embodiment, multiple wavelength pump signal 1114amplifies optical signal 1110 in a gain medium 1106. In variousembodiments, gain medium 1106 may comprise a gain fiber or at least aportion of a fiber span or transmission link. In some embodiments, atleast a portion of gain medium 1106 may comprise a dispersioncompensating fiber. Implementing a dispersion compensating fiber as atleast a portion of gain medium 1106 is advantageous in enablingdispersion compensation.

[0163] In this example, amplifier 1100 includes an input coupler 1104 aand an output coupler 1104 b. Couplers 1104 a and 1104 b can compriseany device capable of coupling and/or de-coupling optical signal 1110 toand/or from amplifier 200. In this particular embodiment, coupler 1104 acomprises a wavelength division multiplexer, while coupler 1104 bcomprises a wavelength division demultiplexer. Input coupler 1104 aoperates to introduce an input signal 1110 for amplification and outputcoupler 1104 b operates to remove signal 1110 from amplifier 1100 afteramplification.

[0164]FIG. 11B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary two-stageoptical amplifier 1130 capable of varying a gain spectrum associatedwith amplifier 1130 by controlling pump wavelength power levels. In thisexample, amplifier 1130 includes a pump source 1132 operable to generatea multiple wavelength pump signal 1144. In various embodiments, thestructure and function of pump source 1132 can be substantially similarto pump source 1102 of FIG. 11A. In some embodiments, the structure andfunction of pump source 1132 can be substantially similar to any one ofwavelength shifters depicted in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In otherembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1132 can besubstantially similar to any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2A through 2D.In some embodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1132 canbe substantially similar to any of the broadband Raman oscillatorsillustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9.

[0165] In this particular embodiment, pump source 1132 comprises aplurality of laser diodes 1146 a-1146 d, each pair approximatelycentered on a particular desired wavelength. Although this example usesfour (4) laser diodes, any number of laser diodes can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. In this example,pump source 1132 generates a multiple wavelength pump signal 1144operable to control a gain spectrum of amplifier 1130. In variousembodiments, pump source 1132 controls the gain spectrum of amplifier1130 by modifying a power level and/or amplitude of each wavelengthgenerated by laser diodes 1146 a-1146 d.

[0166] In this particular example, wavelength signals generated by laserdiodes 1146 a and 1146 b comprise wavelengths of approximately 1396nanometers, while wavelength signals generated by laser diodes 1146 cand 1146 d comprise wavelengths of approximately 1421 nanometers.Although this examples uses 1396 and 1421 nanometer wavelengths, anyother desired wavelengths can be used without departing from the scopeof the present disclosure.

[0167] In this embodiment, pump source 1132 includes at least a firstpolarization combiner 1148 a and a second polarization combiner 1148 b.Although this example uses two polarization combiners 1148 a and 1148 b,any number of polarization combiners can be used without departing fromthe scope of the present disclosure. Polarization combiners 1148 a and1148 b could comprise, for example, polarization beam splitters,polarization multiplexers, or birefringent elements. Using a pair ofoutputs from laser diodes 1146 a and 1146 b to generate a specificlasing wavelength is advantageous in generating an un-polarized pumpsignal, which minimizes polarization dependent gain effects within Ramanamplifiers.

[0168] First polarization combiner 1148 a operates to combine lasingwavelengths 1147 a and 1147 b received from laser diodes 1146 a and 1146b, respectively, to generate a first un-polarized pump signal 1149 a. Ina similar manner, second polarization combiner 1148 b operates tocombine lasing wavelengths 1147c and 1147d received from laser diodes1146 c and 1146 d, respectively, to generate a first un-polarized pumpsignal 1149 b.

[0169] In this example, pump source 1132 further includes a wavelengthcombiner 1150 operable to combine un-polarized pump signals 1149 a and1149 b into an un-polarized multiple wavelength pump signal 1144.Wavelength combiner may comprise any device capable of combining aplurality of wavelength signals into a multiple wavelength signal, suchas, for example, a wavelength division multiplexer. In this particularembodiment, multiple wavelength pump signal 1144 operates to control thegain spectrum of amplifier 1130.

[0170] In this embodiment, multiple wavelength pump signal 1144amplifies an optical signal 1140 in at least a first gain medium 1136 aand a second gain medium 1136 b. Although this example includes two gainmedia 1136 a and 1136 b, any additional number of gain media can be usedwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The type andlength of optical fiber used to form gain medium 1136 a and 1136 bdepends at least in part on the desired gain spectrum of amplifier 1130.

[0171] In this particular embodiment, first gain medium 1136 a comprisesdispersion compensating fiber with a length of approximately three (3)kilometers, while second gain medium 1136 b comprises dispersioncompensating fiber with a length of approximately five (5) kilometers.Although this example implements dispersion compensating fibers withlengths of three and five kilometers, any desired optical fiber of asufficient length can be used without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure.

[0172] In this embodiment, pump signal 1144 propagates in each gainmedium 1136 a and 1136 b counter to optical signal 1140. Acounter-propagating pump signal is advantageous in substantiallyminimizing the coupling fluctuations in pump signal 1144 to opticalsignal 1140. In addition, counter-propagating pump -signals tend tominimize cross-talk between closely spaced wavelength channels.

[0173] Amplifier 1130 also includes an isolator 1138 capable ofminimizing pump signal feedback and amplifier multi-path interference.In this example, amplifier 1130 includes at least a first coupler 1134a, a second coupler 1134 b, and a third coupler 1134 c. Although thisexample uses three couplers 1134 a-1134 c, any number of couplers may beused without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Couplers 1134 a-1134 c can comprise any device capable of couplingand/or de-coupling an optical signal to and/or from amplifier 1130. Inthis particular embodiment, coupler 1134 a operates to couple multiplewavelength pump signal 1144 to amplifier 1130, while couplers 1134 b and1134 c operate to couple and de-couple multiple wavelength opticalsignal 1140, respectively, to/from amplifier 1130. In this example,couplers 1134 a and 1134 b comprise wavelength division multiplexers,while coupler 1134 c comprises a wavelength division demultiplexer.

[0174]FIG. 11C is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary two-stageoptical amplifier 1160 capable of varying a gain spectrum associatedwith amplifier 1160 by controlling pump wavelength power levels. In thisexample, amplifier 1160 is similar in structure and function toamplifier 1130 of FIG. 11B. Like amplifier 1130, amplifier 1160 includesa pump source 1162, a plurality of couplers 1164 a-1164 c, and aplurality of gain media 1166 a and 1166 b. In this particularembodiment, pump source 1162 operates to vary the gain spectrum ofamplifier 1160 by changing the current supplied to pump source 1162.

[0175] The example shown in FIG. 11C differs from the example shown inFIG. 11B in that amplifier 1160 includes an isolator 1168 b between gainmedium 1166 a and gain medium 1166 b. Isolator 1166 b operates tominimize optical signal feedback.

[0176]FIG. 11D is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary two-stageoptical amplifier 1175 capable of varying a gain spectrum associatedwith amplifier 1175 by controlling pump wavelength power levels. In thisexample, amplifier 1175 includes at least a first pump source 1176 a anda second pump source 1176 b. Although this example includes two pumpsources 1176 a and 1176 b, any number of pump sources can be usedwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In variousembodiments, the structure and function of pump sources 1176 a and 1176b can be substantially similar to pump source 1102 of FIG. 11A. In someembodiments, the structure and function of pump sources 1176 a and 1176b can be substantially similar to any one of wavelength shiftersdepicted in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In other embodiments, the structure andfunction of pump sources 1176 a and 1176 b can be substantially similarto any of the pump sources in FIGS. 2A through 2D. In some embodiments,the structure and function of pump sources 1176 a and 1176 b can besubstantially similar to any of the broadband Raman oscillatorsillustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9.

[0177] In this example, first pump source 1176 a generates a firstmultiple wavelength pump signal 1190 a and second pump source 1176 bgenerates a second multiple wavelength pump signal 1190 b. Each of pumpsignals 1190 a and 1190 b can control a gain spectrum of amplifier 1175.In various embodiments, pump sources 1176 a and 1176 b control the gainspectrum of amplifier 1175 by modifying a power level and/or amplitudeof each wavelength generated by laser diodes 1182 and 1184.

[0178] In one example (not explicitly shown), first pump source 1176 aand second pump source 1176 b can each include a plurality of laserdiodes each capable of generating a lasing wavelength. In that example,the lasing wavelengths generated by the plurality of laser diodes offirst pump source 1176 a can be combined to form first multiplewavelength pump signal 1190 a. Similarly, the lasing wavelengthsgenerated by the plurality of laser diodes of second pump source 1176 bcan be combined to form second multiple wavelength pump signal 1190 b.

[0179] In this particular embodiment, first pump source 1176 a includesat least a first pair of laser diodes 1182 a and 1182 b and a secondpair of laser diodes 1184 a and 1184 b. Similarly, second pump source1176 b includes at least a first pair of laser diodes 1182 c and 1182 dand a second pair of laser diodes 1184 c and 1184 d. Although each pumpsource 1176 a and 1176 b includes two pairs of laser diodes, any numberof laser diodes can be used without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure.

[0180] In this particular example, wavelength signals generated by laserdiodes 1182 a-1182 d comprise wavelengths of approximately 1395nanometers, while wavelength signals generated by laser diodes 1184a-1184 d comprise wavelengths of approximately 1420 nanometers. Althoughthis examples uses 1395 and 1420 nanometer wavelengths, any otherdesired wavelengths can be used without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure. Using pairs of outputs from laser diodes 1182 and1184 to generate a specific lasing wavelength is advantageous ingenerating an un-polarized pump signal, which minimizes polarizationdependent gain effects within Raman amplifiers.

[0181] In this embodiment, first pump source 1176 a includes at least afirst polarization combiner 1186 a and a second polarization combiner1186 b. Similarly, second pump source 1176 b includes at least a thirdpolarization combiner 1186 c and a fourth polarization combiner 1186 d.Although each pump source 1176 a and 1176 b includes two polarizationcombiners, any number of polarization combiners can be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. Polarizationcombiners 1186 a-1186 d could comprise, for example, polarization beamsplitters, polarization multiplexers, wavelength division multiplexers,or birefringent elements.

[0182] First polarization combiner 1186 a operates to combine the lasingwavelengths generated by laser diodes 1182 a and 1182 b, while secondpolarization combiner 1186 b operates to combine the lasing wavelengthsgenerated by laser diodes 1184 a and 1184 b. Similarly, thirdpolarization combiner 1186 c operates to combine the lasing wavelengthsgenerated by laser diodes 1182 c and 1182 d, while fourth polarizationcombiner 1186 d operates to combine the lasing wavelengths generated bylaser diodes 1184 c and 1184 d.

[0183] In this example, first pump source 1176 a further includes afirst wavelength combiner 1188 a operable to combine substantiallyun-polarized pump signals 1187 a and 1187 b generated by polarizationcombiners 1186 a and 1186 b, respectively, into a substantiallyun-polarized multiple wavelength pump signal 1190 a. Similarly, secondpump source 1176 b further includes a second wavelength combiner 1188 boperable to combine substantially un-polarized pump signals 1187c and1187d generated by polarization combiners 1186 c and 1186 d,respectively, into a substantially un-polarized multiple wavelength pumpsignal 1190 b. Wavelength combiners 1188 a and 1188 b may comprise anydevice capable of combining a plurality of wavelength signals into amultiple wavelength signal, such as, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer. In this particular embodiment, multiple wavelength pumpsignals 1190 a and 1190 b operate to control the gain spectrum ofamplifier 1175.

[0184] In this embodiment, amplifier 1175 includes at least a firstwavelength combiner 1178 a and a second wavelength combiner 1178 b.Although this example implements two wavelength combiners 1178 a and1178 b, any additional number of combiners can be used without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In this example, firstwavelength combiner 1178 a operates to couple spectrally tailored pumpsignal 1190 a to a first Raman gain medium 1180 a. In a similar manner,second wavelength combiner 1178 b operates to couple spectrally tailoredpump signal 1190 b to a second Raman gain medium 1180 b. Wavelengthcombiners 1178 a and 1178 b may comprise any device, such as, forexample, a wavelength division multiplexer or optical circulator.

[0185] In this embodiment, multiple wavelength pump signals 1190 a and1190 b amplify an optical signal 1192 in at least first Raman gainmedium 1180 a and second Raman gain medium 1180 b, respectively.Although this example includes two gain media 1180 a and 1180 b, anyadditional number of gain media can be used without departing from thescope of the present disclosure. The type and length of optical fiberused to form gain medium 1180 a and 1180 b depends at least in part onthe desired gain spectrum of amplifier 1175. First Raman gain medium1180 a and second Raman gain medium 1180 b can comprise, for example, adistributed transmission fiber, a discrete fiber, or a combination ofthese or other fiber types.

[0186] In this embodiment, first pump signal 1190 a propagates withinfirst Raman gain medium 1180 a counter to optical signal 1192.Similarly, second pump signal 1190 b propagates within second Raman gainmedium 1180 b counter to optical signal 1192. A counter-propagating pumpsignal is advantageous in substantially minimizing the coupling offluctuations in pump signals 1190 to optical signal 1192. In addition,counter-propagating pump signals tend to minimize cross-talk betweenclosely spaced wavelength channels of optical signal 1192.

[0187] In operation, spectrally tailored pump signal 1190 a generates aspectrally shaped gain spectrum within first Raman gain medium 1180 a.The spectrally shaped gain spectrum of Raman gain medium 1180 a operateson optical signal 1192 to form a spectrally tailored output opticalsignal 1193. Spectrally tailored pump signal 1190 b generates aspectrally shaped gain spectrum within second Raman gain medium 1180 b.The spectrally shaped gain spectrum of Raman gain medium 1180 b operateson signal 1193 output from first Raman gain medium 1180 a to form aspectrally tailored output optical signal 1194. Through appropriatecontrol of the gain spectra of amplifier 1175, output signal 1194 canexperience an approximately flat overall gain profile.

[0188]FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating example gain spectra of an opticalamplifier generated by varying the power levels of the wavelengths of amultiple wavelength pump signal. In this particular embodiment, thestructure and function of the optical amplifier can be substantiallysimilar to amplifier 1100 of FIG. 11A. In this example, line 1202represents the gain spectrum generated by the optical amplifier whilethe pump source receives a current of approximately fourteen andone-half (14.5) amps. Line 1204 represents the gain spectrum generatedby the optical amplifier while the pump source receives a current ofapproximately fifteen (15) amps. The horizontal axis represents theoptical signal wavelengths, while the vertical axis represents the gaingenerated by the amplifier.

[0189] In this example, the multiple wavelength pump signal comprises a1396 nanometer and a 1421 nanometer wavelength. This graph illustratesthat varying the power levels of each wavelength of the multiplewavelength pump signal results in a change to the gain spectrum of anoptical amplifier. Varying the power levels associated with each of thepump signal wavelengths can advantageously enable tailoring of the gainspectrum of the optical amplifier.

[0190] VIII. Active Gain Equalization

[0191]FIGS. 13A and 13B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of Raman amplifiers implementing active gain equalization.In various embodiments, Raman amplifiers 1300 and 1350 can beimplemented as a stage of an existing multiple-stage amplifier or as apre-amplifier for an existing single stage amplifier. In someembodiments, a Raman gain spectrum of Raman amplifiers 1300 and 1350combines with the gain spectrum of the existing amplifier to generate asubstantially uniform gain over the spectral range of an amplifiedoptical signal.

[0192]FIG. 13A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 1300 implementing an active gain equalizationelement 1304. In this example, Raman amplifier 1300 includes a pumpsource 1302 operable to generate a pump signal 1312. Pump source 1302may comprise any device capable of generating the desired pump signal,such as, for example, a laser diode pump, a wavelength shifter, orbroadband Raman oscillator. In one particular embodiment, the structureand function of pump source 1302 can be substantially similar to any ofthe pump sources in FIGS. 2A through 2D. In various embodiments, thestructure and function of pump source 1302 can be substantially similarto any of the wavelength shifters illustrated in FIG. 4. In otherembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1302 can besubstantially similar to any of the broadband Raman oscillatorsillustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9. In some embodiments, pump source 1302may comprise at least one pump wavelength generated by a laser diodeapproximately centered on the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0193] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 1300 includes active gainequalization element 1304 operable to spectrally tailor the wavelengthspectrum of pump signal 1312 received from pump source 1302 and togenerate a spectrally tailored pump signal 1310. Active gain equalizingelement 1304 may comprise any device capable of spectrally tailoringpump signal 1312, by controlling the wavelength and/or the power of oneor more pump signals. For example, to control pump signal wavelengthsactive gain equalizing element 1304 may comprise a Mach-Zehnder typefilter, a dielectric filter, a lattice device, or a long-period grating.Pump signal powers can be controlled, for example, by regulating laserdrive current or using variable attenuators on the pump signals.Although this example depicts active gain equalization filter 1304 asresiding externally to pump source 1302, in other embodiments activegain equalization filter 1304 can be integrated into pump source 1302.

[0194] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 1300 generates a spectrallytailored pump signal 1310 operable to shape the gain spectrum of Ramanamplifier 1300. In some embodiments, the spectrally tailored pump signal1310 can operate to increase the bandwidth amplified by amplifier 1300.In one particular embodiment, spectrally tailored pump signal 1310 canshape the gain spectrum of the Raman amplifier to be approximatelycomplimentary to a gain spectrum of an existing optical amplifier. Invarious embodiments, the spectrally shaped Raman gain spectrum can beused to augment an existing amplifier to generate an approximatelyuniform gain over a desired spectral range. Spectrally tailoring thegain spectrum of Raman amplifier 1300 is advantageous in improving theefficiency and/or noise figure of Raman amplifier 1300 and possibly thesignal to noise ratio of the optical system.

[0195] In this embodiment, spectrally tailored pump signal 1310amplifies multiple wavelength optical signal 1316 in a Raman gain medium1306. In various embodiments, Raman gain medium 1306 may comprise a gainfiber or at least a portion of a fiber span or transmission link. Insome embodiments, at least a portion Raman gain medium 1306 may comprisea dispersion compensating fiber. Implementing a dispersion compensatingfiber as at least a portion of Raman gain medium 1306 is advantageous inenabling gain equalization and dispersion compensation. In otherembodiments, Raman gain medium 1306 may comprise a high germaniumcontent, large core-cladding index difference, and small effective area,which can advantageously enhance Raman gain.

[0196] In this embodiment, pump signal 1310 propagates gain medium 1306counter to a multiple wavelength signal 1316. A counter-propagating pumpsignal is advantageous in substantially minimizing the coupling offluctuations in pump signal 1310 to multiple wavelength signal 1316. Inaddition, counter-propagating pump signals tend to minimize cross-talkbetween closely spaced wavelength channels.

[0197] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 1300 includes a wavelengthcombiner 1308. Wavelength combiner 1308 may comprise any device capableof coupling one or more wavelength signals to Raman gain medium 1306,such as, for example, a wavelength division multiplexer.

[0198]FIG. 13B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 1350 implementing a spectrally tailored pump signal1360. In this example, the structure and function of Raman amplifier1350 can be substantially similar to Raman amplifier 1300 of FIG. 13A.In this particular embodiment, Raman amplifier 1350 includes a pumpsource 1352 operable to generate pump signal 1360 and to spectrallytailor the wavelength spectrum of pump signal 1360.

[0199] In various embodiments, pump source 1352 includes an active gainequalization element operable to generate spectrally tailored pumpsignal 1360. The active gain equalizing element may comprise any devicecapable of spectrally tailoring pump signal 1360 to a pump signalwavelength profile that spectrally shapes the gain spectrum of Ramanamplifier 1350. For example, the active gain equalizing element maycomprise a Mach-Zehnder type filter, a dielectric filter, a latticedevice, or a long-period grating.

[0200] In other embodiments, pump source 1352 comprises a plurality oflaser diodes capable of tailoring the wavelength spectrum of pump signal1360 by manipulating the output power of each of the plurality of laserdiodes. In this example, each of the plurality of laser diodes isgrating tuned and operates to generate a specific lasing centerwavelength. In one particular embodiment, each of the plurality of laserdiodes generates a lasing center wavelength that is approximately 1310nm.

[0201]FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate example embodiments of amplifiersimplementing active gain equalization and capable of amplifyingrelatively large bandwidths. In various embodiments, system 10 of FIG. 1may implement one or more of the amplifiers described below. AlthoughFIGS. 14 and 15 describe particular examples of wider band amplifiers,other amplifier designs can be implemented without departing from thescope of this disclosure. The amplifier designs described with respectto FIGS. 14 and 15 are for illustrative purposes only. Moreover,although these examples depict single amplifiers operable to amplify allsignal wavelengths received, a plurality of these wider band amplifierscould be used in parallel to further increase the amplifying bandwidthof the system.

[0202]FIGS. 14A through 14C illustrate an example multiple stageamplifier 1400 with a plurality of gain profiles 1430 and 1432associated with various amplification stages and an overall gain profile1434 for the amplifier. In this particular example, amplifier 1400 iscapable of amplifying at least 180 channels spanning 100 nanometers ormore of bandwidth, while maintaining an acceptable signal-to-noise ratioand an approximately flat gain profile. Any other number of channelsand/or bandwidths may be used without departing with the scope of thisdisclosure.

[0203] Conventional designs of multi-stage amplifiers have experienceddifficulties in attempting to process wide bandwidths with a signalamplifier while maintaining approximately flat and/or uniform gainprofiles, acceptable noise figures, or acceptable bit error rates. Forexample, in Raman amplifiers, a major culprit in noise figures is thephonon-stimulated optical noise created when wavelength signals beingamplified reside spectrally close to pump wavelengths used foramplification. The embodiment shown in FIG. 14A reduces adverse effectsof this noise by enhancing the Raman amplification of signal wavelengthsnear the pump wavelengths to overcome the effects of the noise. Thisembodiment applies an approximately complementary gain profile inanother stage of the amplifier to result in an approximately flat and/oruniform overall gain profile with a reduced noise figure.

[0204] In this document, the phrase “approximately complementary” refersto a situation where, at least in general, wavelength signals that aremore highly amplified in a first stage are less amplified in a secondcomplementary stage, and wavelength signals that are more highlyamplified in the second stage are less amplified in the first stage.Note that the use of the terms “first” and “second” to describe theamplifier stages here is not meant to specify any particular order ofstages in the amplifier. Two gain profiles said to be “approximatelycomplementary” need not have equal and opposite slopes. Moreover, equalamplification of any particular wavelengths in both gain profiles doespreclude those gain profiles from being “approximately complementary.”

[0205] Approximately complementary gain profiles may have one or moreslopes associated with each gain profile. For example, approximatelycomplementary gain profiles could comprise a “W” shaped profile followedby an “M” shaped profile, or an “M” shaped profile followed by a “W”shaped profile. Furthermore, the approximately complementary gainprofiles may become approximately complementary only after traversingall or a portion of the transmission medium. In those cases, the gainprofiles launched at the beginning of the amplifier stage may not beapproximately complementary, but may become approximately complementaryafter signals traverse all or a portion of the transmission medium.

[0206] While better results could be obtained by applying approximatelycomplimentary gain profiles to all or nearly all of the same signalwavelengths, some portion of wavelengths can be omitted from one gainprofile and included in the other gain profile without departing fromthe scope of this disclosure.

[0207] In this example, amplifier 1400 comprises a two-stage amplifierhaving a first stage 1412 and a second stage 1414 cascaded with firststage 1412. There is no limit to a particular number of amplifierstages. For example, additional amplification stages could be cascadedonto second stage 1414. Moreover, although the illustrated embodimentshows second stage 1414 cascaded directly to first stage 1412,additional amplification stages could reside between first stage 1412and second stage 1414 without departing from the scope of thisdisclosure.

[0208] Amplifier 1400 could comprise a distributed Raman amplifier, adiscrete Raman amplifier, a hybrid Raman amplifier having both discreteand distributed stages, a rare earth doped amplifier, a semiconductoroptical amplifier, or another amplifier type or combination of amplifiertypes. Each stage 1412, 1414 of amplifier 1400 includes an inputoperable to receive a multiple wavelength optical input signal 1416. Asparticular examples, signal 1416 could include wavelengths ranging over32, 60, 80, or 100 nanometers.

[0209] Each stage 1412 and 1414 also includes a gain medium 1420 and1421, respectively. Depending on the type of amplifier beingimplemented, media 1420 and 1421 may comprise, for example, a gain fiberor a transmission fiber. In some embodiments, all or portions of media1420, 1421 may comprise dispersion compensating fibers.

[0210] Each stage 1412, 1414 further includes one or more wavelengthpumps 1422. Pumps 1422 generate pump light 1424 at specifiedwavelengths, which are pumped into gain media 1420, 1421. Pumps 1422 maycomprise, for example, one or more laser diodes, a wavelength shifter,or a broadband Raman oscillator. Although the illustrated embodimentshows the use of counter propagating pumps, under at least somecircumstances using a relatively quiet pump, co-propagating pumps couldalso be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0211] In one particular embodiment, pump wavelengths 1424 can beselected so that the longest wavelength of pump signal 1424 has awavelength that is shorter than the shortest wavelength of signal 1416.As one specific example, the longest wavelength of pump light 1424 couldbe selected to be, for example, at least ten (10) nanometers shorterthan the shortest wavelength of signal 1416. In this manner, amplifier1400 can help to avoid phonon stimulated noise that otherwise occurswhen pump wavelengths interact with wavelengths of the amplified signal.

[0212] Couplers 1418 b and 1418 c couple pump wavelengths 1424 a and1424 b to gain media 1420 and 1421, respectively. Couplers 1418 couldcomprise, for example, wavelength division multiplexers or opticalcouplers. A lossy element 1426 can optionally reside between amplifierstages 1412 and 1414. Lossy element 1426 could comprise, for example, anisolator, an optical add/drop multiplexer, or a gain equalizer.

[0213] The number of pump wavelengths 1424, their launch powers, theirspectral and spatial positions with respect to other pump wavelengthsand other wavelength signals, and the bandwidth and power level of thesignal being amplified can all contribute to the shape of the gainprofile for the respective amplifier stage.

[0214]FIG. 14B shows example gain profiles 1430 and 1432 for the firststage 1412 and the second stage 1414, respectively, of amplifier 1400.Gain profile 1430 shows the overall gain of first stage 1412 ofamplifier 1400 for a bandwidth ranging from the shortest wavelength ofsignal 1416 (λ_(sh)) to the longest wavelength of signal 1416 (λ_(lg)).Gain profile 1432 shows the overall gain of second stage 1414 ofamplifier 1400 for a bandwidth ranging from the shortest wavelength ofsignal 1416 (λ_(sh)) to the longest wavelength of signal 1416 (λ_(lg)).Each of gain profiles 1430 and 1432 reflects the effects of the othergain profile acting upon it.

[0215] In this example, gain profile 1430 of first stage 1412 hasprimarily a downward slope, where a majority of the shorter signalwavelengths 1416 are amplified more than a majority of the longer signalwavelengths 1416. Gain profile 1432 of second stage 1414 isapproximately complimentary to gain profile 1430 of first stage 1412. Inthis case, gain profile 1432 exhibits primarily an upward slope where amajority of the longer signal wavelengths 1416 are amplified more than amajority of the shorter signal wavelengths 1416.

[0216] Although gain profiles 1430 and 1432 are, for simplicity,depicted as each having substantially one slope, the slope of each gainprofile may change numerous times. Moreover, it is not necessary thatthe entire slope of gain profile 1430 be negative, or that the entireslope of gain profile 1432 be positive. Each profile may exhibit anynumber of peaks and valleys over the amplified bandwidth.

[0217] Gain profile 1434 represents an example overall gain profile ofamplifier 1400 resulting from the application of gain profiles 1430 and1432 to signal 1416. Overall gain profile 1434 is approximately flatover at least substantially all of the bandwidth of wavelengths withinsignal 1416.

[0218] This particular example provides a significant advantage inreducing the peak noise figure associated with the amplifier usingcomplementary gain profiles. The complementary gain profiles reduce thepeak noise figure by amplifying signals closest to the pump wavelengthsat higher levels the signals at wavelengths far from the pumpwavelengths. In addition, the noise figure is reduced by amplifyinglonger wavelength signals in a later amplifier stage. In a discreteamplifier embodiment, using this type of configuration, the noise figureof amplifier 1400 in the small signal limit can be reduced to less thaneight decibels, in some cases 7 decibels, even where the bandwidth ofsignal 1416 exceeds 100 nanometers.

[0219] Complementary gain profiles can also be used to reduce the pumppower requirements for a given amplifier, thus creating a highefficiency amplifier.

[0220]FIGS. 15A through 15C illustrate a high pump efficiency embodimentof a multiple stage wide band amplifier 1500 including example gainprofiles 1530 and 1532 associated with various amplification stages andan overall gain profile 1534 for the amplifier. In this example,amplifier 1500 is capable of amplifying at least 180 channels spanning100 nanometers or more of bandwidth while maintaining an acceptablesignal-to-noise ratio and an approximately flat gain profile.

[0221] Amplifier 1500 shown in FIG. 15A is similar in structure andfunction to amplifier 1400 shown in FIG. 14A. Like amplifier 1400 shownin FIG. 14A, amplifier 1500 of FIG. 15A includes a first amplificationstage 1512 and a second amplification stage 1514. Each of stages 1512and 1514 includes a gain medium 1520 and 1521, respectively, which isoperable to receive multiple wavelength input signal 1516 and pumpwavelengths 1524 a and 1524 b, respectively.

[0222] Each amplifier stage 1512 and 1514 operates to amplifywavelengths of signal 1516 according to gain profiles 1530 and 1532 asshown. In this example, at least first stage 1512 comprises a Ramanamplification stage. Second stage 1514 could comprise a Ramanamplification stage, or another type of amplification stage.

[0223] The example shown in FIG. 15 differs from the example shown inFIG. 14 in that gain profile 1530 (shown in FIG. 15B) of first stage1512 exhibits primarily an upward slope where a majority of longerwavelengths of signal 1516 are amplified more than the majority ofshorter wavelengths of signal 1516. Conversely, gain profile 1532 ofsecond stage 1514 comprises an approximately complementary gain profileto first gain profile 1530 of first stage 1512. Profile 1532 applies ahigher gain to a majority of shorter signal wavelengths 1516 than thegain applied to the majority of longer signal wavelengths 1516. Inaddition, in this embodiment, the power of pumps 1522 a driving firstgain profile 1530 can be reduced.

[0224] The Raman scattering effect transfers energy from shorterwavelength signals 1516 to longer wavelength signals 1516. Thisembodiment leverages that fact to allow the longer pump wavelengths ofRaman first stage 1512 to accept energy from the shorter pumpwavelengths of second stage 1514. In a particular embodiment, amplifier1500 may include a shunt 1560 between second gain medium 1521 and firstgain medium 1520 to facilitate the longer pump wavelengths of firststage 1512 accepting power from the shorter pump wavelengths of secondstage 1514. The combined effects of first stage 1512 and second stage1514 result in an overall gain profile 1534 (FIG. 15C) of the amplifierthat remains approximately flat.

[0225] This embodiment provides significant advantages in terms ofefficiency by allowing the use of fewer wavelength pumps 1522 a in thefirst stage 1512, and/or also by allowing each pump 1522 a to operate ata lower launch power. By selecting signal launch powers with referenceto the noise figure of the amplifier, this embodiment enjoys the furtherefficiency of reduced overall launched signal power.

[0226] The embodiment shown in FIG. 15A can also provide improvementsfor the noise figure of the amplifier! For example, phonon stimulatednoise is created in Raman amplifiers where wavelengths being amplifiedspectrally reside close to a wavelength of pump signals 1524. Byspectrally separating pump wavelengths 1524 from signal wavelengths1516, phonon stimulated noise can be reduced.

[0227] In a particular embodiment, pump wavelengths 1524 are selected tohave wavelengths at least ten (10) nanometers shorter than the shortestwavelength in signal 1516 being amplified. Moreover, in a particularembodiment, second stage 1514, where a majority of the gain to shortwavelengths of signal 1516 is applied, comprises the last stage ofamplifier 1500.

[0228] The amplifiers depicted in FIGS. 14 and 15 can comprises wideband amplifiers operable to receive and amplify a relatively largebandwidth of wavelength signals 15. In particular embodiments, theamplifiers can process wavelengths ranging over 32, 60, 80, or 100nanometers of bandwidth while maintaining an approximately flat overallgain profile over the bandwidth of amplified signal wavelengths.

[0229] In this document, the term “approximately flat” and/or “uniformoverall gain profile” describes a condition where the maximum signalgain at the output of the amplifier differs from the minimum signal gainat the output of the amplifier by no more than an amount suitable foruse in telecommunication systems over an operational bandwidth ofinformation carrying channels. Deviation of the maximum and minimumsignal gain over one or two of several channels is not intended to beoutside of the scope of an approximately flat overall gain profile. Thedeviation between minimum and maximum signal gains may comprise, forexample, five (5) decibels or less over an operational bandwidth of, forexample, 32 nanometers or more. Particular embodiments may achieve gainflatness of approximately three (3) decibels or less over an operationalbandwidth.

[0230] Although the embodiments shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 show twocomplementary amplification stages, additional complementaryamplification stages could also be implemented.

[0231] IX. Upgrading Optical Amplifiers with AGEQ

[0232]FIG. 16 is a graph illustrating how a spectrally tailored signal1604 can be used to generate a substantially uniform overall gain output1606. In this example, line 1602 represents an amplifier gain spectrumgenerated by an existing amplifier. Line 1604 represents a spectrallyshaped Raman gain spectrum generated through active gain equalization.In this particular example, the gain spectrum of spectrally shaped Ramangain spectrum 1604 is approximately complimentary to gain spectrum 1602of the existing amplifier. In various embodiments, spectrally tailoredsignal 1604 can be created by one of the active gain equalizationtechniques illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B.

[0233] This graph shows that an approximately uniform gain output 1606can be achieved by adding amplifier gain spectrum 1602 and the gainspectrum of spectrally tailored signal 1604. Adding spectrally tailoredsignal 1604 with amplifier gain spectrum 1602 is advantageous inimproving the efficiency and noise figure of the Raman amplifier, andthe signal to noise ratio of the optical system.

[0234]FIG. 17 is a chart illustrating an exemplary formula for selectingthe appropriate active gain equalization necessary to achieve anapproximately uniform gain over the desired spectral range. In thisparticular example, a pump signal spectrum generated by a pump source isconvolved with a Raman gain spectrum associated with a Raman amplifier.Convolving the pump signal and the Raman gain spectrum generates aspectrally tailored amplifier output signal. In various embodiments, thespectrally tailored pump signal can be created by one of the active gainequalization techniques illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B.

[0235] The profile of the spectrally tailored output signal can bedesigned to produce an approximately uniform gain over a desiredspectral range when the output signal is added to an existing opticalamplifier spectrum. In various embodiments, the approximately uniformgain can comprise a gain variation of five (5) decibels or less, three(3) decibels or less, one (1) decibel or less, or one-half (½) decibelor less over the desired spectral range.

[0236] The above methodology for selecting an active gain equalizationelement comprises a first order iteration. Spectral tailoring of theoutput signal for wide band amplification may make further iterationsdesirable to select the appropriate spectral response of the gainequalization element. In some embodiments, spectral tailoring of theoutput signal may entail an accounting for the variation in fiber lossover the pump spectrum and the Raman gain spectrum. In otherembodiments, spectral tailoring of the output signal may involvemodifying the spectral response to account for potential skewing of thepump spectrum to the longer wavelength side due to pump interactions inthe amplifier gain medium.

[0237]FIG. 18 is a graph comparing a sinusoidal filter function 1802 toa delta filter function 1804 for active gain equalization elements. Inthis example, line 1802 represents the filter function of a sinusoidalfilter. The sinusoidal filter may comprise any device capable ofgenerating a sinusoidal filter response, such as, for example aMach-Zehnder filter. In this example, the sinusoidal filter comprises apeak every 10 nm. Line 1804 represents the filter function of a deltafilter. In this example, the delta filter comprises discrete wavelengthsevery 10 nm. In this example, each filter function 1802 and 1804 isapplied to a pump signal comprising a wavelength spectrum of 1380 nm to1480 nm.

[0238] This graph shows that sinusoidal filter function 1802 yields aless varying gain spectrum than a similar delta filter function 1804.Sinusoidal function 1802 comprises a spectral width at full width halfmaximum of approximately 126 nm with a gain that is approximatelyuniform over 62 nm. In this example, the gain spectrum varies within0.46 decibels over 62 nm. In contrast, delta filter function 1804comprises a similar spectral width at full width half maximum, butyields a gain spectrum that varies more than 0.46 decibels over 62 nm.

[0239]FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment ofan active gain equalized Raman amplification stage 1901 implemented in apre-existing multiple-stage amplifier 1900. In this example,multiple-stage amplifier 1900 comprises at least a first amplificationstage 1906 a and a second amplification stage 1906 b. Although thisexample uses two amplification stages, any additional number ofamplification stages can be used without departing from the scope of thepresent disclosure. The structure and function of first amplificationstage 1906 a and second amplification stage 1906 b can be substantiallysimilar to amplifier 22 of FIG. 1. In this particular example, firstamplification stage 1906 a comprises a low-noise pre-amplificationstage, while second amplification stage 1906 b comprises a high-gainpower amplification stage.

[0240] As optical communication system designers continue to increasethe capacity of optical communication systems, existing opticalamplifiers will require either upgrading or replacement to account forthe increased capacity. In this embodiment, multiple-stage amplifier1900 is upgraded to include an active gain equalized Raman amplificationstage 1901. In this embodiment, Raman amplification stage 1901 comprisesan intermediate amplification-stage of amplifier 1900. In otherembodiments, Raman amplification stage 1901 can comprise a pre-amplifieror a final amplification stage of multiple-stage amplifier 1900. Ramanamplification stage 1901 may comprise a discrete Raman amplifier or adistributed Raman amplifier.

[0241] Raman amplification stage 1901 includes a pump source 1902capable of generating a spectrally tailored pump signal 1910. Pumpsource 1902 may comprise any device capable of generating and spectrallytailoring the wavelength spectrum of pump signal 1910. In variousembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1902 can besubstantially similar to pump source 1352 of FIG. 13B. In otherembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 1902 can besubstantially similar to the combination of pump source 1302 and activegain equalization element 1304 of FIG. 13A. In some embodiments, pumpsource 1902 can generate a pump signal capable of pumping amplificationstage 1906 b and Raman amplification stage 1901. In this particularembodiment, pump source 1902 generates pump signal 1910 operable to pumpa Raman gain fiber 1908 associated with Raman amplification stage 1901.

[0242] In this embodiment, Raman amplification stage 1901 includes Ramangain fiber 1908 operable to at least partially compensate for lossesexperienced by a multiple wavelength signal 1916. Raman gain fiber 1908may comprise any optical fiber capable of transferring gain from pumpsignal 1910 to optical signal 1916. In one particular embodiment,upgrading amplifier 1900 to include Raman gain fiber 1908 advantageouslyenables amplifier 1900 to amplify a larger number of channels inmultiple wavelength signal 1916.

[0243] In various embodiments, Raman amplification stage 1901 caninclude a dispersion compensating element coupled to gain fiber 1908 andoperable to at least partially compensate for chromatic dispersion thatwould otherwise be associated with a multiple wavelength signal 1916.Implementing a dispersion compensating element advantageously enablesamplifier 1900 to transmit multiple wavelength signal 1916 at a higherrate, for example, at a rate of 9.5 gigabits per second or more.

[0244] The dispersion compensating element may comprise any devicecapable of at least partially counteracting the chromatic dispersionassociated with a communication medium traversed by multiple wavelengthsignal 1916. In one particular embodiment, gain fiber 1908 comprises alength of dispersion compensating fiber having a slope of dispersionthat is approximately equal to and opposite from the slope of chromaticdispersion associated with the communication medium traversed bymultiple wavelength signal 1916. In an alternative embodiment, thedispersion compensating fiber could comprise a length of dispersioncompensating transmission fiber coupled to Raman gain fiber 1908.

[0245] In this particular embodiment, spectrally tailored pump signal1910 operates to spectrally shape a Raman gain spectrum of Ramanamplification stage 1901. In various embodiments, the spectrally shapedRaman gain spectrum of Raman amplification stage 1901 can beapproximately complimentary to the gain spectrum of multiple-stageamplifier 1900. In some embodiments, the Raman gain spectrum ofamplification stage 1901 is combined with the gain spectrum of multiplestage amplifier 1900 to generate an approximately uniform gain over thespectral range of optical signal 1916. In other embodiments, the Ramangain spectrum can be combined with the gain spectrum of multiple stageamplifier 1900 to generate an approximately uniform gain over anincreased spectral range.

[0246] In this embodiment, Raman amplification stage 1901 comprises awavelength combiner 1904 capable of coupling spectrally tailored pumpsignal 1910 to Raman gain fiber 1908. Wavelength combiner 1904 maycomprise any device, such as, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer.

[0247]FIGS. 20A and 20B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of active gain equalization pump sources implemented toupgrade pre-existing optical amplifiers. FIG. 20A is a block diagramillustrating an exemplary embodiment of an active gain equalizing pumpsource 2002 implemented to upgrade a pre-existing amplifier 2000. Inthis example, amplifier 2000 includes existing amplification stage 2008.Existing amplification stage 2008 can comprise a single-stage amplifieror multiple-stage amplifier capable of amplifying a multiple wavelengthsignal 2016. In some embodiments, the structure and function ofamplification stage 2008 can be substantially similar to amplifier 22 ofFIG. 1.

[0248] In this embodiment, amplifier 2000 is upgraded to include a Ramanamplification stage 2001. Raman amplification stage 2001 can comprise adistributed Raman pre-amplifier or a discrete Raman pre-amplifier. Inthis embodiment, Raman amplification stage 2001 comprises a distributedpre-amplification stage of amplifier 2000. Raman amplification stage2001 includes an active gain equalization pump source 2002. Pump sources2002 may comprise any device capable of spectrally tailoring pump signal2010. In various embodiments, the structure and function of pump source2002 can be substantially similar to pump source 1352 of FIG. 13B. Inother embodiments, the structure and function of pump source 2002 can besubstantially similar to the combination of pump source 1302 and activegain equalization element 1304 of FIG. 13A.

[0249] In this embodiment, Raman amplification stage 2001 includes aRaman gain medium 2006 capable of at least partially compensating forlosses experienced by multiple wavelength signal 2016. In variousembodiments, gain medium 2006 may comprise a Raman gain fiber coupled toan existing fiber span of an optical communication system. In otherembodiments, Raman gain medium 2006 may comprise at least a portion ofthe existing fiber span coupled to existing amplification stage 2008prior to the addition of Raman amplification stage 2001.

[0250] Spectrally tailored pump signal 2010 generates a spectrallyshaped gain spectrum of Raman pre-amplifier 2006. The spectrally shapedgain spectrum of Raman pre-amplifier 2006 operates to form a spectrallytailored output optical signal 2012. Spectrally tailored output signal2012 comprises a pre-emphasized signal, which results in anapproximately uniform gain over the spectral range of multiplewavelength signal 2016 when added to the gain spectrum of existingamplification stage 2008.

[0251] In some embodiments, Raman gain medium 2006 may comprise a lengthof dispersion compensating fiber having a slope of dispersion that isapproximately equal to and opposite from the slope of chromaticdispersion associated with a communication medium traversed by multiplewavelength signal 2016. In this embodiment, the dispersion compensatingfiber operates to serve as the gain medium for pre-amplification stage2001. In an alternative embodiment, dispersion compensating fiber couldcomprise a length of dispersion compensating transmission fiber coupledto a length of Raman gain fiber. Implementing a dispersion compensatingfiber advantageously generates a low-noise Raman pre-amplifier.

[0252] In this embodiment, amplifier 2000 is upgraded to include awavelength combiner 2004 capable of coupling spectrally tailored pumpsignal 2010 to gain medium 2006. Wavelength combiner 2004 may compriseany device, such as, for example, a wavelength division multiplexer oroptical circulator.

[0253]FIG. 20B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a plurality of active gain equalizing pump sources 2052 a and 2052 bimplemented to upgrade a pre-existing multiple-stage amplifier 2050. Inthis example, multiple-stage amplifier 2050 comprises at least a firstexisting amplification stage 2056 a and a second existing amplificationstage 2056 b. Although these examples use two existing amplificationstages, any additional number of amplification stages can be usedwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In theseparticular examples, first existing amplification stage 2056 a comprisesa low-noise pre-amplifier, while second existing amplification stage2056 b comprises a high-gain power amplifier.

[0254] In this embodiment, amplifier 2050 is upgraded to include atleast a first Raman amplification stage 2051 a and a second Ramanamplification stage 2051 b. Although this example implements two Ramanamplification stages 2051 a and 2051 b, any additional number of Ramanamplification stages can be implemented without departing from the scopeof the present disclosure. First Raman amplification stage 2051 a cancomprise a distributed Raman pre-amplification stage, a discrete Ramanpre-amplification stage, or a hybrid pre-amplification stage. In variousembodiments, the structure and function of first Raman amplificationstage 2051 a can be substantially similar to Raman amplification stage2001 of FIG. 20A.

[0255] In this example, second Raman amplification stage 2051 bcomprises a discrete Raman amplification stage with a Raman gainspectrum. In various embodiments, the structure and function of secondRaman amplification-stage 2051 b can be substantially similar tointermediate amplification stage 1901 FIG. 19.

[0256] In this example, first Raman amplification stage 2051 a includesa first active gain equalization pump source 2052 a and second Ramanamplification stage 2051 b includes a second active gain equalizationpump source 2052 b. Although this example implements two pump sources2052 a and 2052 b, any additional number of pump sources can beimplemented without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Pump sources 2052 a and 2052 b may comprise any device capable ofspectrally tailoring pump signals 2060 a and 2060 b, respectively.

[0257] In this embodiment, first Raman amplification stage 2051 aincludes a first wavelength combiner 2054 a and second Ramanamplification stage 2051 b includes a second wavelength combiner 2054 b.Although this example implements two wavelength combiners 2054 a and2054 b, any additional number of combiners can be used without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. In this example, firstwavelength combiner 2054 a operates to couple spectrally tailored pumpsignal 2060 a to a first Raman gain medium 2058 a. In a similar manner,second wavelength combiner 2054 b operates to couple spectrally tailoredpump signal 2060 b to a second Raman gain medium 2058 b. Wavelengthcombiners 2054 a and 2054 b may comprise any device, such as, forexample, a wavelength division multiplexer.

[0258] In operation, spectrally tailored pump signal 2060 a generates aspectrally shaped gain spectrum within first Raman amplification stage2051 a. The spectrally shaped gain spectrum of first Raman amplificationstage 2051 a operates on input signal 2066 to form a spectrally tailoredoutput optical signal 2063. Spectrally tailored output signal 2063comprises a pre-emphasized input to first existing amplification stage2056 a. First existing amplification stage 2056 a operates on signal2063 to form signal 2064.

[0259] Spectrally tailored pump signal 2060 b of second Ramanamplification stage 2051 b generates a spectrally shaped gain spectrumwithin second Raman amplification stage 2051 b. The spectrally shapedgain spectrum of second Raman amplification stage 2051 b operates onsignal 2064 output from first existing amplification stage 2056 a toform a spectrally tailored output optical signal 2062. Second existingamplification stage 2056 b applies its gain spectrum to signal 2062 toform output signal 2061. Through appropriate control of the gain spectraof Raman amplification stages 2051 a and 2051 b, output signal 2061experiences an approximately flat overall gain profile for amplifier2050.

[0260] By using these and similar active gain equalization techniques,existing amplifiers can be upgraded to flatten non-uniform gain profilesover a given wavelength range. Alternatively, these techniques allow forincreasing an amplifiers bandwidth while maintaining, or even improving,the uniformity of the amplifier's gain profile.

[0261] X. Distributed Amplification in High Loss Systems

[0262]FIGS. 21A and 21B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of distributed Raman amplifiers capable of at leastpartially counteracting losses in relatively high loss systems.Distributed Raman amplifiers typically comprise an improved noise figurewhen compared to a similar discrete Raman amplifier. The improved noisefigure enables distributed Raman amplification to be used to increasesystem capacity, to account for variations in fiber specifications,and/or to increase the separation between amplifiers and/orregenerators. It can be particularly advantageous to use distributedRaman amplifiers in the first stages of a cascade of amplificationstages because the noise figure of the first few amplification stages isparticularly important in generating a sufficient noise figure.

[0263] Existing optical communication systems typically comprise fixedhut spacing (e.g., locations within the system that amplifiers can beplaced, typically every 40-45 km) and fixed transmission fiber losses.These systems can be upgraded to include distributed Raman amplificationto provide more uniform gain to the optical signal over the fiber span,which can maintain a relatively high signal amplitude and account forfiber losses. In addition, distributed Raman amplification can provide arelatively better signal-to-noise ratio than discrete amplifiers.Consequently, communication systems that require maintenance ofrelatively high signal amplitude or comprise a relatively high opticalfiber loss can benefit from distributed Raman amplification.

[0264] A soliton-based communication system provides one example of asystem requiring maintenance of a relatively high signal amplitude.Soliton signals typically comprise pulses that substantially maintaintheir shape over a relatively long communication distance. Conventionalsoliton systems typically require maintenance of the signal level within6 decibels of the original level. Consequently, in a soliton systemcomprising transmission fiber with a loss of 0.2 dB/km, the solitonsystem requires hut spacing approximately every 30 km. Another aspect ofthis disclosure recognizes that implementing a distributed amplifierenables maintenance of the relatively high signal level throughout thepropagation of the Soliton signal and allows hut spacing to be increasedto more than 30 km. In various embodiments, a distributed Ramanamplifier can be implemented in a soliton communication system withoutdecreasing the current hut spacing.

[0265] An optical system operating with optical wavelengths shorter than1430 nm or longer than 1610 nm provide a few examples of optical systemscomprising a relatively high fiber loss. Operating a Raman amplifier inthe 1310 nm window typically results in an increased optical signalloss. For example, a loss of 0.35 dB/km can be expected for operation inthe 1310 nm window, where a loss of 0.2 dB/km can typically be expectedfor operation in the 1550 nm window. As optical signal loss increases,the communication system requires additional gain to achieve opticalsignal transparency. Consequently, a higher signal level is typicallyrequired to maintain the same signal-to-noise ratio for the amplifier.Increasing the signal level, however, can lead to limits imposed on thesystem from transmission fiber non-linearities.

[0266] One aspect of this disclosure recognizes that implementing adistributed Raman amplifier comprising a relatively lower noise figureenables an increased gain level without increasing the signal level,thus minimizing the impact on signal to noise ratio. In addition,communication systems operating in the higher loss wavelength range ofoptical fibers (i.e., wavelengths below 1430 nm or above 1610 nm) canmaintain the same hut spacing by using distributed amplification.

[0267]FIG. 21A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a distributed Raman amplifier 2100 operating in the 1310 nm operatingwindow. In this example, distributed Raman amplifier 2100 includes apump source 2102 capable of generating a pump signal 2110. Pump signal2110 may comprise one or more wavelength signals capable of amplifyingone or more optical wavelength signals 2116. Pump source 2102 maycomprise any device, such as, for example, a broadband Raman oscillator,a laser diode pump, an active gain equalized pump source, or acombination of these or other pump sources.

[0268] In one particular embodiment, the structure and function of pumpsource 2102 can be substantially similar to active gain equalizationpump source 1352 of FIG. 13B. In other embodiments, the structure andfunction of pump source 2102 can be substantially similar to thecombination of pump source 1302 and active gain, equalization element1304 of FIG. 13A. In various embodiments, the structure and function ofpump source 2102 can be substantially similar to any one of thewavelength shifters illustrated in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In otherembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 2102 can besubstantially similar to any one of the broadband Raman oscillatorsillustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9.

[0269] In one particular embodiment, optical signal 2116 comprises amultiple wavelength signal operating in the 1310 nm window oftransmission fiber 2106. In this example, a compensation technique maybe implemented to account for the inter-channel Raman effect of themultiple wavelength optical signals. The inter-channel Raman effecttypically causes the shorter wavelength signals of the multiplewavelength signal to transfer energy to the longer wavelength signals,which can result in a tilted gain profile of optical signal 2116. Tosubstantially counteract this resultant tilted gain profile, acompensation technique can be implemented to provide more gain to theshorter wavelength signals. In this example, pump signal 2110 comprisesa spectrally tailored multiple wavelength pump signal capable ofcompensating for the gain tilt and generating a relatively flat gainprofile for optical signal 2116. In some embodiments, the spectrallytailored pump signal 2110 can apply an approximately linear compensationto the gain profile of optical signal 2116.

[0270] In this embodiment, distributed Raman amplifier 2100 includes awavelength combiner 2104 capable of coupling pump signal 2110 to atransmission fiber 2106. Wavelength combiner 2104 may comprise anydevice capable of coupling one or more wavelength signals totransmission fiber 2106, such as, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer. Transmission fiber 2106 may comprise any optical fiber typecapable of supporting Raman gain.

[0271]FIG. 21B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a distributed Raman amplifier 2150 implemented in a pre-existingsoliton optical communication system. In this example, the solitonoptical communication system includes an amplifier 2158 operable toamplify soliton optical signal 2166. The structure and function ofamplifier 2158 can be substantially similar to amplifier 22 of FIG. 1.

[0272] In this example, the soliton optical communication system isupgraded to include a distributed Raman amplifier 2150. DistributedRaman amplifier includes a pump source 2152 capable of generating a pumpsignal 2160. Pump signal 2160 may comprise one or more wavelengthsignals capable of amplifying one or more soliton optical wavelengthsignals 2166. Pump source 2152 may comprise any device, such as, forexample, a broadband Raman oscillator, a laser diode pump source, anactive gain equalized pump source, or a combination of these or otherpump sources.

[0273] In one particular embodiment, the structure and function of pumpsource 2152 can be substantially similar to active gain equalizationpump source 1352 of FIG. 13B. In other embodiments, the structure andfunction of pump source 2152 can be substantially similar to thecombination of pump source 1302 and active gain equalization element1304 of FIG. 13A. In various embodiments, the structure and function ofpump source 2152 can be substantially similar to any one of thewavelength shifters illustrated in FIGS. 4A through 4C. In otherembodiments, the structure and function of pump source 2152 can besubstantially similar to any one of the broadband Raman oscillatorsillustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9.

[0274] In one particular embodiment, optical signal 2166 comprises amultiple wavelength soliton signal operating with a relatively highsignal level. In this example, a compensation technique may beimplemented to account for the inter-channel Raman effect of themultiple wavelength optical signals. The inter-channel Raman effecttypically causes the shorter wavelength signals of the multiplewavelength signal to transfer energy to the longer wavelength signals,which can result in a tilted gain profile of optical signal 2166. Tosubstantially counteract this resultant tilted gain profile, acompensation technique can be implemented to provide more gain to theshorter wavelength signals. In this example, pump signal 2160 comprisesa spectrally tailored multiple wavelength pump signal capable ofcompensating for the gain tilt and generating a relatively flat gainprofile for optical signal 2166. In some embodiments, the spectrallytailored pump signal 2160 can apply an approximately linear compensationto the gain profile of optical signal 2166.

[0275] In this embodiment, distributed Raman amplifier 2150 includes awavelength combiner 2154 capable of coupling pump signal 2160 to atransmission fiber 2156. Wavelength combiner 2154 may comprise anydevice capable of coupling one or more wavelength signals totransmission fiber 2156, such as, for example, a wavelength divisionmultiplexer. Transmission fiber 2156 may comprise any optical fiber typecapable of supporting Raman gain.

[0276] XI. Co-propagating or Bi-Directionally Pumped Amplifiers

[0277]FIGS. 22A and 22B are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of co-propagating or bi-directionally pumped Ramanamplifiers implementing a high-dispersion gain fiber. As used throughoutthis document, the term “high dispersion gain fiber” refers to anoptical fiber having a magnitude of dispersion greater than two (2)picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer over the signal wavelengths of theamplifier. Although this example shows a bi-directional communicationlink, Raman amplifiers 2200 and 2250 could alternatively be implementedin a uni-directional optical communication system.

[0278] In these embodiments, each Raman amplifier 2200 and 2250comprises at least one pump signal 2210 and 2260 that co-propagates withat least one of the wavelengths of optical signals 2216 and 2266,respectively. Conventional design approaches that have implemented Ramanamplification typically limit the pump signal to counter-propagate inrelation to the optical signal. As used throughout this document, theterm “counter-propagate” refers to a pump signal that propagates throughthe gain medium of an optical device in a direction counter to thedirection of optical signal 2216. Counter-propagation has typically beenused to minimize the duration of interaction and cross talk between thepump signal and the optical signal, and to minimize inter-channelinterference between one or more wavelengths of the optical signal.

[0279] Unlike conventional applications in one particular embodiment,amplifiers 2200 and 2250 implement at least one pump signal thatco-propagates with at least one wavelength of the optical signal.Throughout this document, the term “co-propagates” or “co-propagating”refers to a condition where, for at least some time at least a portionof the pump signal propagates through the gain medium in the samedirection as at least one wavelength of the optical signal beingamplified.

[0280] One aspect of this disclosure recognizes that generating asufficient walk off between different wavelength signals can enable theformation of a co-propagating or a bi-directionally pumped Ramanamplifier that minimizes cross talk and inter-channel interference. Inparticular, cross talk between optical signals and pump signals, andinter-channel interference can be minimized by ensuring that thedifferent wavelengths walk off relatively rapidly.

[0281] The rate of walk off for a wavelength depends at least in part onthe group velocity dispersion in an optical fiber. The group velocitydispersion depends at least in part on the magnitude of dispersion ofthe gain fiber and the velocity differences of the wavelengthstraversing the gain fiber. The velocity differences of the wavelengthsdepend at least in part on the magnitude of dispersion (D) of the gainfiber and the difference (Δλ) between the optical signal wavelengthsand/or a pump signal wavelength. Increasing the length (L) and/ordispersion of the gain fiber tends to increase the timing differencebetween particular wavelengths. Thus, the larger the dispersion andlonger the gain fiber, the larger the timing difference betweenwavelengths. In equation form, this relationship is expressed as:

Δt=D×Δλ×L  (1)

[0282] where Δt is the difference in transit time between opticalsignals with a wavelength difference Δλ.

[0283] One aspect of this disclosure recognizes that a Raman amplifierimplementing at least one co-propagating pump can be implemented thatensures sufficient walk off between different wavelength signals byusing an adequate length of high-dispersion Raman gain fiber. Thewalk-off length (L_(wo)) can be determined by: $\begin{matrix}{L_{wo} = \frac{\Delta \quad t}{D \times \Delta \quad \lambda}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

[0284] where Δt is the bit period (e.g., inverse of the bit rate), D isthe average group velocity dispersion, and Δλ is the wavelengthseparation between the two signals or signal and pump. This equationenables the determination of the walk-off length between the opticalsignal wavelengths and the pump wavelength (L_(wosp)) where Δλ comprisesthe difference between the center wavelength of the optical signal andthe pump signal wavelength. In addition, this equation enables thedetermination of the walk-off length between adjacent channels of theoptical signals (L_(woss)) where Δλ comprises the difference betweenadjacent optical signals. As used in this document, the term “channel”refers to a center wavelength of an information carrying signal and/orwavelength. A channel is adjacent to another channel if there are noinformation carrying signals between them.

[0285] To ensure adequate walk-off between the pump signal wavelengthsand the optical signal wavelengths, the length of the gain fiber(L_(amp)) should be at least ten (10) times the walk off length(L_(wosp)) In equation form, this relationship is expressed as:

L _(amp)>10×L _(wosp)  (3)

[0286] In addition, to ensure adequate walk off between adjacentco-propagating optical signals, the length of the gain fiber (L_(amp))should be at least two (2) times the walk off length (L_(woss)) forthose signals. In equation form, this relationship is expressed as:

L _(amp)>2×L _(woss)  (4)

[0287] In various embodiments, the optical signal comprises a magnitudeof dispersion acquired by the optical signal while traversing theoptical communication system. In some embodiments, the dispersionacquired by the optical signal while traversing an optical communicationsystem can comprise a combination of a residual dispersion and/or localdispersion. As used throughout this document, the term “residualdispersion” refers to dispersion remaining in an optical signal aftertraversing a dispersion compensating element. The term “localdispersion” refers to dispersion acquired by the optical signal whiletraversing a particular span or transmission link of the opticalcommunication system.

[0288] In one particular embodiment, the dispersion compensating elementcomprises a maximum dispersion compensation level that is intentionallyselected to provide only partial compensation for dispersion acquired bythe optical signal while traversing a span of the system. Providing onlypartial dispersion compensation in each span allows the system tomaintain a sufficiently high dispersion. Maintaining a sufficiently highdispersion throughout the system is advantageous in providing adequatewalk off between the pump signal and the optical signal, which tendsreduce the RIN system penalty. In addition, the optical signal noiseassociated with the RIN penalty and the residual dispersion at leastpartially destructively interact when received by a receiver aftertraversing the multiple span communication system, thus reducing theoverall system noise penalty. In various embodiments, each dispersioncompensating element comprises a maximum dispersion compensation levelof ninety-nine (99) percent or less, ninety (90) percent or less,seventy-five (75) percent or less, or fifty (50) percent or less.

[0289]FIG. 22A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 2200 implementing a uni-directionally pumped Ramangain fiber 2206. In this example, Raman amplifier 2200 includes a pumpsource 2202 capable of generating a pump signal 2210. Pump source 2202may comprise any device capable of generating pump signal 2210.

[0290] In some embodiments, pump source 2202 can comprise a low-noisepump source, such as, for example, a pump source comprising a relativelylow relative noise intensity (RIN) light source. Implementing alow-noise pump provides the advantage of minimizing cross talk betweenpump signal 2210 and multiple wavelength signal 2216 while at least aportion of the signals are co-propagating.

[0291] In this particular embodiment, a Raman gain fiber 2206 isimplemented in a bi-directional optical communication system. In thisexample, Raman gain fiber 2206 receives at least a first optical signal2216 a and a second optical signal 2216 b. In this example, firstoptical signal 2216 a comprises one or more wavelengths propagating in afirst direction through gain fiber 2206. Similarly, second opticalsignal 2216 b comprises one or more wavelengths propagating in a seconddirection through gain fiber 2206. In one particular embodiment, thefirst direction of propagation is approximately complimentary to thesecond direction of propagation. In this particular embodiment, at leastone wavelength of pump signal 2210 co-propagates with at least onewavelength of second optical signal 2216 b. In an alternativeembodiment, pump signal 2210 can be introduced to gain fiber 2206 in amanner that enables at least one wavelength of pump signal 2210 toco-propagate with at least one wavelength of first optical signal 2216a.

[0292] In an alternative embodiment, Raman gain fiber 2206 can beimplemented in an uni-directional optical communication system. In thatexample, Raman gain fiber 2206 receives an optical signal traversinggain fiber 2206 in a first direction of propagation. In this embodiment,pump signal 2210 is introduced to Raman gain fiber 2206 in a manner thatenables at least one wavelength of pump signal 2210 to co-propagate withat least one wavelength of optical signal 2216.

[0293] In some embodiments, optical signal 2216 a and 2216 b travelingin different directions can comprise distinct sets of wavelengths. Asone particular example, each wavelength of first optical signal 2216 acan be adjacent to one or more wavelengths of second optical signal 2216b. For example, where first optical signal 2216 a comprises wavelengthsλ1, λ3, and λ5, first optical signal 2216 b could comprise at leastwavelengths λ2, λ4, and λ6, which are adjacent to wavelengths λ1, λ3,and λ5 of signal 2216 a. In this particular example, the first directionof propagation and the second direction of propagation are approximatelycomplimentary one another. In various embodiments, optical signals 2216a and 2216 b propagate through amplifier 2200 having a data rate of 2.5gigabits per second or more, or having a data rate of 9.5 gigabits persecond or more.

[0294] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2200 includes auni-directionally pumped gain fiber 2206 capable of amplifying opticalsignals 2216 a and 2216 b. Implementing a uni-directionally pumped gainfiber 2206 is particularly advantageous in a Raman amplifier wherechanges in pump power are three (3) decibels or less in gain fiber 2206.In this example, gain fiber 2206 operates to minimize cross talk andinter-channel interference. Gain fiber 2206 may comprise any opticalfiber capable of generating a relatively high magnitude of dispersionover the range of signal wavelengths, such as, for example, dispersionshifted fiber, standard single mode fiber, or dispersion compensatingfiber.

[0295] Although the use of high dispersion gain fiber can minimizeinter-channel interference, a system designer should also consider theimpact of Raman cross talk between wavelengths of a multiple wavelengthoptical signal. This effect results from shorter wavelengthstransferring energy to longer wavelengths of an optical signal via theRaman effect. For example, if equal power is launched in four adjacentmultiple wavelength signal channels, at the end of the gain fiber thechannel power profile will typically be tilted with more power in thelonger wavelength channels. In various embodiments, a pre-emphasistechnique can be implemented to account for Raman cross talk and achievea substantially uniform power profile. In other embodiments, active gainequalization can be implemented to compensate for the Raman cross talkeffect.

[0296] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2200 includes a wavelengthcombiner 2204 capable of coupling pump signal 2210 to Raman gain fiber2206, wavelength combiner 2204 may comprise any device capable ofcoupling one or more wavelength signals to Raman gain fiber 2206, suchas, for example, a wavelength division multiplexer.

[0297]FIG. 22B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 2250 implementing a bi-directionally pumped Ramangain fiber 2256. In this example, Raman amplifier 2250 includes at leasta first pump source 2252 a and a second pump source 2252 b. Althoughthis example includes two pump sources 2252 a and 2252 b, any number ofpump sources can be used without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. Each pump source 2252 a and 2252 b may comprise any devicecapable of generating pump signal 2260. The structure and function ofeach pump source 2252 a and 2252 b can be substantially similar to pumpsource 2202 of FIG. 22A. In one particular embodiment, pump sources 2252a and 2252 b each comprise a low-noise pump source, such as, forexample, a pump source comprising a relatively low relative noiseintensity (RIN) light source.

[0298] In an alternative embodiment, Raman amplifier 2250 can include afirst optical isolator and a second optical isolator. The first opticalisolator can be coupled between pump source 2252 a and gain fiber 2256.The first optical isolator operates to minimize cross talk between pumpsignal 2260 b and 2260 a and/or instabilities generated throughfeedback. The second optical isolator can be coupled between pump source2252 b and gain fiber 2256 and operate to minimize cross talk betweenpump signal 2260 a and 2260 b.

[0299] In this particular embodiment, a Raman gain fiber 2256 isimplemented in a bi-directional optical communication system. In thisexample, Raman gain fiber 2256 receives at least a first optical signal2266 a and a second optical signal 2266 b. In this example, firstoptical signal 2266 a comprises one or more wavelengths propagating in afirst direction through gain fiber 2256. Similarly, second opticalsignal 2266 b comprises one or more wavelengths propagating in a seconddirection through gain fiber 2256. In one particular embodiment, thefirst direction of propagation is approximately complimentary to thesecond direction of propagation. In this particular embodiment, at leastone wavelength of pump signal 2260 b co-propagates with at least onewavelength of second optical signal 2266 b. In an alternativeembodiment, pump signal 2260 a can be introduced to gain fiber 2256 in amanner that enables at least one wavelength of pump signal 2260 a toco-propagate with at least one wavelength of first optical signal 2266a.

[0300] In an alternative embodiment, Raman gain fiber 2256 can beimplemented in an uni-directional optical communication system. In thatexample, Raman gain fiber 2256 receives an optical signal 2266traversing gain fiber 2256 in a first direction of propagation. In thisembodiment, pump signal 2260 is introduced to Raman gain fiber 2256 in amanner that enables at least one wavelength of pump signal 2260 toco-propagate with at least one wavelength of optical signal 2266.

[0301] In some embodiments, each wavelength of first optical signal 2266a is adjacent to a wavelength of second optical signal 2266 b. Forexample, where first optical signal 2266 a comprises wavelengths λ1, λ3,and λ5, second optical signal 2266 b would comprise at least wavelengthsλ2, λ4, and λ6, which are adjacent to wavelengths λ1, λ3, and λ5 ofsignal 2266 a. In these particular examples, the first direction ofpropagation and the second direction of propagation are substantiallyopposite one another. In various embodiments, optical signals 2266 a and2266 b propagate through amplifier 2250 having a data rate of 2.5gigabits per second or more, or having a data rate of 9.5 gigabits persecond or more.

[0302] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2250 includes abi-directionally pumped Raman gain fiber 2256 capable of amplifyingmultiple wavelength signals 2266 a and 2266 b. Implementing abi-directionally pumped Raman gain fiber 2256 is particularlyadvantageous in a Raman amplifier where changes in pump power aregreater than three (3) decibels in gain fiber 2256. In this example,gain fiber 2256 operates to minimize cross talk between pump signal 2260and multiple wavelength signal 2266. In addition, gain fiber 2256operates to minimize inter-channel interference between adjacent signalswithin multiple wavelength signals 2266. Gain fiber 2256 may compriseany optical fiber capable of generating a relatively high magnitude ofdispersion, such as, for example, dispersion shifted fiber, standardsingle mode fiber, or dispersion compensating fiber. In one particularembodiment, gain fiber 2256 comprises a sufficient length of dispersioncompensating fiber with a magnitude of dispersion of at least sixteen(16) picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer.

[0303] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2250 includes at least afirst wavelength combiner 2254 a and a second wavelength combiner 2254b. Although this example includes two wavelength combiners 2254 a and2254 b, any number of wavelength combiners can be used without departingfrom the scope of the present disclosure. Each wavelength combiner 2254a and 2254 b may comprise any device capable of coupling one or morewavelength signals to Raman gain fiber 2256, such as, for example, awavelength division multiplexer.

[0304] XII. Examples of Bi-directionally Pumped Raman Amplifiers

[0305] This section provides specific examples of bi-directional Ramanamplifiers. In these examples, the bi-directional Raman amplifiersreceive an optical signal band centered at approximately the 1550 nmwavelength. The Raman amplifiers also receive a pump signal centered atapproximately the 1450 nm wavelength (Δλ=100 nm for signal and pump). Inthis example, the optical signal comprises a multiple wavelength signalwith a channel spacing of approximately 0.8 nm. Each adjacent channelcounter-propagates with the channel spaced approximately 0.8 nm. Inother words, the channel spacing between adjacent co-propagatingchannels is approximately 1.6 nm. The multiple wavelength opticalsignals propagate at bit rates of approximately 2.5 Gb/s in a firstembodiment, and at 10 Gb/s in a second embodiment. The respective bitperiods of the two embodiments are 400 picoseconds or 100 picoseconds,respectively.

[0306] In a first example, the bi-directional Raman amplifier implementsa gain fiber comprising dispersion compensating fiber with a length of 8km in the first embodiment, and 15 km in the second embodiment. Inaddition, the dispersion compensating fiber comprises an averagemagnitude of dispersion of 90 picoseconds/nm-km and a loss of 0.55 dB/kmat the pump signal wavelength.

[0307] According to equations (1)-(4) discussed above, the walk offlength (L_(woss)) between adjacent signal channels is:

[0308] L_(woss)=2.78 km at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0309] L_(woss)=0.69 km at 10 Gb/s

[0310] The walk off length (L_(wosp)) between the pump signal and themultiple wavelength optical signal is:

[0311] L_(wosp)=44.4 m at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0312] L_(wosp)=11.1 m at 10 Gb/s

[0313] This example illustrates that adequate walk off (L_(wosp))between the pump signal wavelengths and optical signal wavelengths canbe achieved in either embodiment:

[0314] 8 km>10×44.4 m at 2.5 Gb/s

[0315] 15 km>10×11.1 m at 10 Gb/s

[0316] In addition, adequate walk off (L_(woss)) between adjacent signalchannels can also be achieved in either embodiment:

[0317] 8 km>2×2.78 km at 2.5 Gb/s

[0318] 15 km>2×0.69 km at 10 Gb/s

[0319] Therefore, a bi-directional amplifier implementing dispersioncompensating fiber can be made to satisfactorily amplify multiplewavelength signals propagating at least at 2.5 Gb/s or 10 Gb/s. However,since the loss is more than 3 dB for the pump signal, it may beadvantageous to bi-directionally pump the amplifier, as shown in FIG.22B.

[0320] Implementing dispersion compensating fiber as the Raman gainfiber in a bi-directional Raman amplifier provides the advantage ofenabling the gain fiber to function as a dispersion compensatingelement. In various embodiments, the gain fiber comprises a sufficientlength of dispersion compensating fiber to at least partially compensatefor chromatic dispersion. In other embodiments, a bi-directionalamplifier comprising dispersion compensating fiber can be used toupgrade an existing bi-directional amplifier. In some embodiments, thebi-directional amplifier can implement active gain equalization toachieve an approximately uniform gain over a specified spectral range.

[0321] In a second example, the bi-directional Raman amplifierimplements a gain fiber comprising a standard single mode fiber with alength of 8 km. In addition, the standard single mode fiber comprises anaverage magnitude of dispersion of 16 picoseconds/nm-km and a loss of0.30 dB/km at the pump signal wavelength.

[0322] According to equations (1)-(4) discussed above, the walk offlength (L_(woss)) between adjacent signal channels is:

[0323] L_(woss)=15.6 km at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0324] L_(woss)=3.9 km at 10 Gb/s

[0325] The walk off length (L_(wosp)) between the pump signal and themultiple wavelength optical signal is:

[0326] L_(wosp)=0.25 km at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0327] L_(wosp)=62.5 m at 10 Gb/s

[0328] This example illustrates that adequate walk off (L_(wosp))between the pump signal wavelengths and optical signal wavelengths canbe achieved in either embodiment:

[0329] 8 km>10×0.25 km at 2.5 Gb/s

[0330] 8 km>10×62.5 m at 10 Gb/s

[0331] In addition, this example illustrates that adequate walk off(L_(woss)) between adjacent signal channels can also be achieved, butonly at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s:

[0332] 8 km<2×15.6 km at 2.5 Gb/s (fails)

[0333] 8 km>2×3.9 km at 10 Gb/s

[0334] Therefore, a bi-directional amplifier implementing standardsingle mode fiber with a fiber length of 8 km can be made tosatisfactorily amplify optical signals propagating at least at 10 Gb/s.In addition, the bi-directional amplifier of this example cannot satisfythe design criteria of the above equations at a bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s.However, a bi-directional amplifier implementing standard single modefiber can be made to satisfactorily amplify optical signals propagatingat least at 2.5 Gb/s or 10 Gb/s by selecting the appropriate channelspacing, fiber length, and/or wavelengths propagated.

[0335] In a third example, the bi-directional Raman amplifier implementsa gain fiber comprising dispersion-shifted fiber with a length of 8 km.In addition, the dispersion-shifted fiber comprises an average magnitudeof dispersion of 2 picoseconds/nm-km and a loss of 0.30 dB/km at thepump signal wavelength.

[0336] According to equations (1)-(4) discussed above, the walk offlength (L_(woss)) between adjacent signal channels is:

[0337] L_(woss)=125 km at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0338] L_(woss)=31.3 km at 10 Gb/s

[0339] The walk off length (L_(wosp)) between the pump signal and themultiple wavelength signal is:

[0340] L_(wosp)=2 km at 2.5 Gb/s; and

[0341] L_(wosp)=0.5 km at 10 Gb/s

[0342] This example illustrates that adequate walk off (L_(wosp))between the pump signal wavelengths and optical signal wavelengths canbe achieved only at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s:

[0343] 8 km<10×2 m at 2.5 Gb/s (fails)

[0344] 8 km>10×0.5 m at 10 Gb/s

[0345] In addition, this example illustrates that adequate walk off(L_(woss)) between adjacent signal channels can not be achieved ineither embodiment:

[0346] 8 km<2×125 km at 2.5 Gb/s (fails)

[0347] 8 km<2×31.3 km at 10 Gb/s (Fails)

[0348] Therefore, a bi-directional amplifier implementingdispersion-shifted fiber with a fiber length of 8 km cannot satisfy thedesign criteria of the above equations at bit rates of at least 2.5 Gb/sand 10 Gb/s. However, a bi-directional amplifier implementingdispersion-shifted fiber can be made to satisfactorily amplify opticalsignals propagating at least at 2.5 Gb/s or 10 Gb/s by selecting theappropriate channel spacing, fiber length, and/or wavelengthspropagated.

[0349] XIII. Laser Diode Pumped BBRO for New Bandwidth Windows

[0350]FIGS. 23A through 23C are block diagrams illustrating exemplaryembodiments of Raman amplifiers implementing a laser diode pump tovarious wavelength ranges. In these examples, each Raman amplifier 2300,2330, and 2360 includes an isolator 2308, 2338, and 2368 operable tominimize lasing feedback.

[0351]FIG. 23A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 2300 implementing a laser diode pump 2302 toamplify wavelengths in the 1400 nm window. In this example, Ramanamplifier 2300 includes laser diode pump 2302 capable of generating amultiple wavelength pump signal 2310. The structure and function oflaser diode pump 2302 can be substantially similar to any of the pumpsources in FIGS. 2A through 2D. In this particular embodiment, pump 2302comprises a plurality of laser diodes each capable of generating alasing wavelength centered at approximately the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0352] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2300 is coupled to a fiberspan 2312 comprising a low-loss operating window approximately centeredat the 1400 nm wavelength. Fiber span 2312 may comprise any opticalfiber capable of generating a low-loss operating window approximatelycentered at the 1400 nm wavelength, such as, for example, the “all-wave”optical fiber.

[0353] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2300 includes a wavelengthcombiner 2304 capable of coupling pump signal 2310 to gain fiber 2306.Wavelength combiner 2304 may comprise any device, such as, for example,a wavelength division multiplexer. Gain fiber 2306 may comprise anyoptical fiber capable of transferring the optical energy of pump signal2310 to multiple wavelength signal 2316. In one particular embodiment,at least a portion of gain fiber 2306 comprises an appropriate length ofdispersion compensating fiber capable of at least partiallycounteracting chromatic dispersion associated with multiple wavelengthsignal 2316.

[0354] In this particular embodiment, pump signal 2310 traverses gainfiber 2306 in a direction approximately complimentary to that ofmultiple wavelength optical signal 2316. In an alternative embodiment,pump signal 2310 can be introduced to gain fiber 2306 in a manner thatenables at least one wavelength of pump signal 2310 to co-propagate withat least one wavelength of optical signal 2316. In that example, opticalsignal 2316 traverses gain fiber 2306 in a substantially similardirection of propagation to that of pump signal 2310. In yet anotheralternative embodiment, gain fiber 2306 can be bi-directionally pumped.

[0355] In this embodiment, laser diode pump 2302 directly pumps gainfiber 2306. In an alternative embodiment, Raman amplifier 2300 caninclude an active gain equalization element coupled between laser diodepump 2302 and wavelength combiner 2304. The structure and function ofthe active gain equalization element can be substantially similar toactive gain equalization element 1304 of FIG. 13A.

[0356]FIG. 23B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 2330 implementing a broadband Raman oscillator 2332to amplify wavelengths in the violet window (e.g., 1430 and 1525 nmwavelength range). In this example, Raman amplifier 2330 includesbroadband Raman oscillator 2332 operable to wavelength shift a laserdiode generated pump signal. In various embodiments, the structure andfunction of Raman oscillator 2332 can be substantially similar to any ofthe broadband Raman oscillators illustrated in FIGS. 6 through 9. Inthis embodiment, Raman oscillator 2332 operates to wavelength shift apump signal centered at approximately the 1310 nm wavelength to a firstRaman cascade order. In this example, the first Raman cascade ordercomprises a 1356 nm to 1424 nm wavelength range.

[0357] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 2332 also operatesto generate a spectrally tailored pump signal 2340. In one particularembodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 2332 comprises an active gainequalization element operable to generate spectrally tailored pumpsignal 2340. The active gain equalizing element may comprise any devicecapable of spectrally tailoring pump signal 2340. In one particularembodiment, the active gain equalizing element can generate anapproximately uniform gain over the desired spectral range. For example,the active gain equalizing element may comprise a Mach-Zehnder typefilter, a dielectric filter, a lattice device, or a long-period grating.

[0358] In another embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 2332 operatesto receive a multiple wavelength pump signal generated by a plurality oflaser diodes capable of tailoring the gain spectrum of the pump signal.Spectrally tailored pump signal 2340 can be generated by adjusting theamplitude of each of the plurality of laser diodes. In this example,each of the plurality of laser diodes is grating tuned and generates aspecific lasing wavelength. In one particular embodiment, each of theplurality of laser diodes generates a lasing wavelength centered atapproximately the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0359] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2330 includes a wavelengthcombiner 2334 capable of coupling pump signal 2340 to gain fiber 2336.Wavelength combiner 2334 may comprise any device, such as, for example,a wavelength division multiplexer. Gain fiber 2336 may comprise anyoptical fiber capable of transferring the optical energy of pump signal2340 wavelength to multiple wavelength signal 2346. In one particularembodiment, at least a portion gain fiber 2336 comprises an appropriatelength of dispersion compensating fiber capable of at least partiallycounteracting chromatic dispersion associated with multiple wavelengthsignal 2346.

[0360] In this particular embodiment, pump signal 2340 traverses gainfiber 2336 approximately complimentary to multiple wavelength opticalsignal 2346. In an alternative embodiment, pump signal 2340 can beintroduced to gain fiber 2336 in a manner that enables at least onewavelength of pump signal 2340 to co-propagate with at least onewavelength of optical signal 2346. In that example, optical signal 2346traverses gain fiber 2336 in a substantially similar direction ofpropagation to that of pump signal 2340. In yet another alternativeembodiment, gain fiber 2336 can be bi-directionally pumped.

[0361] In this embodiment, broadband Raman oscillator 2332 includes anactive gain equalization element. In an alternative embodiment, Ramanamplifier 2330 can include an active gain equalization element coupledbetween broadband Raman oscillator 2332 and wavelength combiner 2334.The structure and function of the active gain equalization element canbe substantially similar to active gain equalization element 1304 ofFIG. 13A.

[0362]FIG. 23C is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodimentof a Raman amplifier 2360 implementing a laser diode pump 2362 toamplify wavelengths in the violet window. In this example, Ramanamplifier 2360 includes laser diode pump 2362 capable of generating amultiple wavelength pump signal 2370. The structure and function oflaser diode pump 2362 can be substantially similar to any of the pumpsources in FIGS. 2A through 2D. In this particular embodiment, pump 2362comprises a plurality of laser diodes each capable of generating alasing wavelength centered at approximately the 1310 nm wavelength.

[0363] In this embodiment, Raman amplifier 2360 comprises a Ramanamplification stage 2364 coupled to laser diode pump 2362. Ramanamplification stage 2364 comprises a broadband Raman oscillator operableto wavelength shift pump signal 2370 received from laser diode pump2362. In this example, the broadband Raman oscillator operates towavelength shift pump signal 2370 by two Raman cascade orders. Ramanamplification stage 2364 also operates to amplify a multiple wavelengthsignal 2376. In this example, a gain fiber associated with the broadbandRaman oscillator is combined with a gain fiber used to amplify multiplewavelength signal 2376. Raman amplification stage 2364 may comprise anydevice, such as, for example, a Sagnac Raman cavity, a linear cavitywith chirped gratings, or a circulator loop cavity.

[0364] In this embodiment, laser diode pump 2362 directly pumps Ramanamplification stage 2364. In an alternative embodiment, Raman amplifier2360 can include an active gain equalization element coupled betweenlaser diode pump 2362 and Raman amplification stage 2364. The structureand function of the active gain equalization element can besubstantially similar to active gain equalization element 1304 of FIG.13A.

[0365] Although the present invention has been described in severalembodiments, a myriad of changes, variations, alterations,transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled inthe art, and it is intended that the present invention encompass suchchanges, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications asfalling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is
 1. A Raman amplifier, comprising: a Raman gain fibercomprising a length of high-dispersion gain fiber and operable toreceive at least one optical signal; and at least one pump sourcecapable of generating at least one pump signal that co-propagateswithin-the Raman gain fiber with at least a portion of the at least oneoptical signal received by the Raman gain fiber; wherein the length ofthe high-dispersion gain fiber is at least ten (10) times a walk offlength between the at least one pump signal and at least one wavelengthof the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber; andwherein the length of high-dispersion gain fiber is at least two (2)times a walk off length between at least two optical signal wavelengthsof the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. 2.The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the high-dispersion Raman gainfiber comprises a magnitude of dispersion of greater than two (2)picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer for at least at one optical signalwavelength of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber.
 3. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the Raman gain fiberreceives the at least one optical signal and at least another opticalsignal, and wherein the at least one optical signal traverses the Ramangain fiber in a substantially opposite direction to the at least anotheroptical signal.
 4. The Raman amplifier of claim 3, wherein the at leastone optical signal comprises a first multiple wavelength optical signaland the at least another optical signal comprises a second multiplewavelength optical signal.
 5. The Raman amplifier of claim 4, wherein atleast one wavelength of the first multiple wavelength optical signal isspectrally adjacent to at least one wavelength of the second multiplewavelength optical signal.
 6. The Raman amplifier of claim 4, whereineach wavelength of the first multiple wavelength optical signal isspectrally adjacent to at least one wavelength of the second multiplewavelength optical wavelength signal.
 7. The Raman amplifier of claim 1,wherein the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a dispersioncompensating fiber.
 8. The Raman amplifier of claim 7, wherein thedispersion compensating fiber comprises a maximum dispersioncompensation level, and wherein the maximum dispersion compensationlevel is selected to provide less than 100% dispersion compensation tothe at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiberresulting in a residual dispersion in the at least one optical signalreceived by the Raman gain fiber after traversing the dispersioncompensation fiber.
 9. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein at leasta portion of the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber traverses the Raman gain fiber comprises a data rate of 2.5gigabits per second or more.
 10. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, whereinat least a portion of the at least one optical signal received by theRaman gain fiber traverses the Raman gain fiber comprises a data rate of9.5 gigabits per second or more.
 11. The Raman amplifier of claim 1,wherein the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fibercomprises a multiple wavelength optical signal.
 12. The Raman amplifierof claim 1, wherein the at least one pump source comprises at least twopump sources capable of bi-directionally pumping the Raman gain fiber.13. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump sourcecomprises a laser diode pump source.
 14. The Raman amplifier of claim13, wherein the laser diode pump source comprises: a plurality of laserdiodes each capable of generating a lasing wavelength; and at least onewavelength combiner operable to combine the plurality of lasingwavelengths generated by the plurality of laser diodes into a multiplewavelength pump signal; wherein at least two of the plurality of lasingwavelengths generated by the plurality of laser diodes comprises awavelength between 1270 nm and 1310 nm.
 15. The Raman amplifier of claim1, wherein the at least one pump source comprises a broadband Ramanoscillator.
 16. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the at least onepump source comprises an active gain equalization element capable ofspectrally tailoring a wavelength spectrum of the at least one pumpsignal.
 17. The Raman amplifier of claim 16, wherein the spectrallytailored pump signal shapes a gain spectrum of the Raman amplifier to bean approximately uniform gain over a spectral range of the at least oneoptical signal received by the Raman gain fiber.
 18. The Raman amplifierof claim 1, wherein the at least one pump source comprises a pluralityof laser diodes capable of tailoring a gain spectrum of the pump signalby adjusting an intensity of at least one of the plurality of laserdiodes.
 19. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the at least onepump source comprises a relatively low noise pump source.
 20. The Ramanamplifier of claim 1, wherein the at least one pump signal comprises amultiple wavelength pump signal.
 21. The Raman amplifier of claim 1,wherein the at least one pump signal operates to uni-directionally pumpthe Raman gain fiber.
 22. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the atleast two optical signal wavelengths comprise co-propagating adjacentwavelengths.
 23. The Raman amplifier of claim 1, wherein the Raman gainfiber comprises a distributed gain fiber.
 24. A Raman amplifier,comprising: a Raman gain fiber comprising a length of high-dispersiongain fiber and operable to receive at least one optical signal; and atleast one pump source capable of generating at least one pump signalthat co-propagates within the Raman gain fiber with at least a portionof the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber;wherein the length of the high-dispersion gain fiber is at least ten(10) times a walk off length of the at least one pump signal and atleast one wavelength of the at least one optical signal received by theRaman gain fiber; and wherein a change in a pump signal power levelassociated with the at least one pump signal over the Raman gain fibercomprises at least three (3) decibels.
 25. The Raman amplifier of claim24, wherein the length of high-dispersion gain fiber is at least two (2)times a walk off length of at least two optical signal wavelengths ofthe at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. 26.The Raman amplifier of claim 25, wherein the at least two optical signalwavelengths comprise co-propagating adjacent wavelengths.
 27. The Ramanamplifier of claim 24, wherein the high-dispersion Raman gain fibercomprises a magnitude of dispersion of greater than two (2) picosecondsper nanometer-kilometer for at least at one optical signal wavelength ofthe at least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber. 28.The Raman amplifier of claim 24, wherein the Raman gain fiber receivesthe at least one optical signal and at least another optical signal, andwherein the at least one optical signal traverses the Raman gain fiberin a substantially opposite direction to the at least another opticalsignal.
 29. The Raman amplifier of claim 28, wherein the at least oneoptical signal comprises a first multiple wavelength optical signal andthe at least another optical signal comprises a second multiplewavelength optical signal.
 30. The Raman amplifier of claim 29, whereineach wavelength of the first multiple wavelength optical signal isspectrally adjacent to at least one wavelength of the second multipleoptical wavelength signal.
 31. The Raman amplifier of claim 24, whereinthe high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a dispersion compensatingfiber.
 32. The Raman amplifier of claim 31, wherein the dispersioncompensating fiber comprises a maximum dispersion compensation level,and wherein the maximum dispersion compensation level is selected toprovide less than 100% dispersion compensation to the at least oneoptical signal received by the Raman gain fiber resulting in a residualdispersion in the at least one optical signal received by the Raman gainfiber exiting the dispersion compensation fiber.
 33. The Raman amplifierof claim 24, wherein the at least one pump source comprises at least twopump sources capable of bi-directionally pumping the Raman gain fiber.34. The Raman amplifier of claim 24, wherein the at least one pumpsource comprises a laser diode pump source.
 35. The Raman amplifier ofclaim 24, wherein the at least one pump source comprises a plurality oflaser diodes capable of tailoring a gain spectrum of the pump signal byadjusting an intensity of at least one of the plurality of laser diodes.36. The Raman amplifier of claim 24, wherein the Raman gain fibercomprises a distributed Raman gain fiber.
 37. The Raman amplifier ofclaim 24, wherein the change in the pump signal power level of at leastthree (3) decibels results from attenuation of the at least one pumpsignal in the Raman gain fiber.
 38. The Raman amplifier of claim 24,wherein the change in the pump signal power level associated with the atleast one pump signal over the Raman gain fiber comprises greater thanfive (5) decibels.
 39. A Raman amplifier, comprising: a Raman gain fiberoperable to receive at least one optical signal, wherein at least aportion of the Raman gain fiber comprises a dispersion compensatingfiber; and at least one low noise pump source capable of generating atleast one pump signal that co-propagates within the Raman gain fiberwith at least a portion of the at least one optical signal received bythe Raman gain fiber; wherein the length of the dispersion compensatingfiber is at least ten (10) times a walk off length between the at leastone pump signal and at least one wavelength of the at least one opticalsignal received by the Raman gain fiber.
 40. The Raman amplifier ofclaim 39, wherein the Raman gain fiber comprises a distributed Ramangain fiber.
 41. The Raman amplifier of claim 39, wherein the dispersioncompensating fiber comprises a magnitude of dispersion of at leastsixteen (16) picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer for at least at oneoptical signal wavelength of the at least one optical signal received bythe Raman gain fiber.
 42. The Raman amplifier of claim 39, wherein theat least one optical signal received by the Raman gain fiber comprises amultiple wavelength optical signal.
 43. The Raman amplifier of claim 39,wherein at least one pump signal comprises a multiple wavelength pumpsignal.
 44. The Raman amplifier of claim 39, wherein the at least onelow noise pump source comprises a pump source capable of generating anoise fluctuation of no more than twenty-two (22) percent in the atleast one pump signal prior to propagation within the Raman gain fiber.45. The Raman amplifier of claim 39, wherein the at least one low noisepump source comprises at least one laser diode.
 46. The Raman amplifierof claim 39, wherein the length of dispersion compensating fiber is atleast two (2) times a walk off length between at least two opticalsignal wavelengths of the at least one optical signal received by theRaman gain fiber.
 47. The Raman amplifier of claim 46, wherein the atleast two optical signal wavelengths comprise co-propagating adjacentwavelengths.
 48. The Raman amplifier of claim 39, wherein the Raman gainfiber receives the at least one optical signal and at least anotheroptical signal, and wherein the at least one optical signal traversesthe Raman gain fiber in a substantially opposite direction to the atleast another optical signal.
 49. The Raman amplifier of claim 39,wherein the at least one pump source comprises at least two pump sourcescapable of bi-directionally pumping the Raman gain fiber.
 50. A methodof amplifying an optical signal, comprising: receiving at least oneoptical signal at a high-dispersion Raman gain fiber; generating atleast one pump signal that co-propagates within the high-dispersionRaman gain fiber with at least a portion of the at least one opticalsignal; wherein the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a lengthof at least ten (10) times a walk off length between the at least onepump signal and at least one wavelength of the at least one opticalsignal; and wherein the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises alength of at least two (2) times a walk off length between at least twooptical signal wavelengths of the at least one optical signal.
 51. Themethod of claim 50, wherein the at least one optical signal comprises amultiple wavelength optical signal.
 52. The method of claim 50, whereinthe at least one pump signal is generated by a relatively low noise pumpsource.
 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the high-dispersion Ramangain fiber comprises a magnitude of dispersion of greater than two (2)picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer for at least at one optical signalwavelength of the at least one optical signal.
 54. The method of claim50, further comprising: receiving at least another optical signal at thehigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber, wherein the at least one opticalsignal traverses the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber in a substantiallyopposite direction to the at least another optical signal; andgenerating at least a second pump signal that counter-propagates withinthe high-dispersion Raman gain fiber with the at least a portion of theat least one optical signal.
 55. A method of amplifying an opticalsignal, comprising: receiving at least one optical signal at ahigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber; generating at least one pump signalthat co-propagates within the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber with atleast a portion of the at least one optical signal; wherein thehigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a length of at least ten (10)times a walk off length between the at least one pump signal and atleast one wavelength of the at least one optical signal; and wherein achange in a pump signal power level associated with the at least onepump signal over the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises at leastthree (3) decibels.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the at least oneoptical signal comprises a multiple wavelength optical signal.
 57. Themethod of claim 55, wherein the at least one pump signal is generated bya relatively low noise pump source.
 58. The method of claim 55, whereinthe high-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises a magnitude of dispersionof greater than two (2) picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer for at leastat one optical signal wavelength of the at least one optical signal. 59.The method of claim 55, wherein the high-dispersion Raman gain fibercomprises a length of at least two (2) times a walk off length betweenat least two optical signal wavelengths of the at least one opticalsignal.
 60. The method of claim 55, wherein the change in the pumpsignal power level of at least three (3) decibels results fromattenuation in the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber of the at least onepump signal.
 61. The method of claim 55, wherein the change in the pumpsignal power level associated with the at least one pump signal over thehigh-dispersion Raman gain fiber comprises greater than five (5)decibels.
 62. The method of claim 55, further comprising: receiving atleast another optical signal at the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber,wherein the at least one optical signal traverses the high-dispersionRaman gain fiber in a substantially opposite direction to the at leastanother optical signal; and generating at least a second pump signalthat counter-propagates within the high-dispersion Raman gain fiber withthe at least a portion of the at least one optical signal.
 63. A methodof amplifying an optical signal, comprising: receiving at least oneoptical signal at a Raman gain fiber, wherein at least a portion of theRaman gain fiber comprises a dispersion compensating fiber; generatingat least one low noise pump signal that co-propagates within the Ramangain fiber with at least a portion of the at least one optical signal;wherein the dispersion compensating fiber comprises a length of at leastten (10) times a walk off length between the at least one low noise pumpsignal and at least one wavelength of the at least one optical signal.64. The method of claim 63, wherein the at least one optical signalcomprises a multiple wavelength optical signal.
 65. The method of claim63, wherein the at least one low noise pump signal comprises a multiplewavelength pump signal.
 66. The method of claim 63, wherein thedispersion compensating fiber comprises a length of at least two (2)times a walk off length between at least two optical signal wavelengthsof the at least one optical signal.
 67. The method of claim 63, whereinthe dispersion compensating fiber comprises a magnitude of dispersion ofat least sixteen (16) picoseconds per nanometer-kilometer for at leastat one optical signal wavelength of the at least one optical signal. 68.The method of claim 63, further comprising: receiving at least anotheroptical signal at the Raman gain fiber, wherein the at least one opticalsignal traverses the Raman gain fiber in a substantially oppositedirection to the at least another optical signal; and generating atleast a second pump signal that counter-propagates within the Raman gainfiber with the at least a portion of the at least one optical signal.